#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: man-pages-l10n VERSION\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2014-07-17 17:57+0900\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#. type: TH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "CPUSET"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "2014-05-21"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:25
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux Programmer's Manual"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:26
#, no-wrap
msgid "NAME"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:28
msgid "cpuset - confine processes to processor and memory node subsets"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:28
#, no-wrap
msgid "DESCRIPTION"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:35
msgid ""
"The cpuset filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem interface to the kernel cpuset "
"mechanism, which is used to control the processor placement and memory "
"placement of processes.  It is commonly mounted at I</dev/cpuset>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:52
msgid ""
"On systems with kernels compiled with built in support for cpusets, all "
"processes are attached to a cpuset, and cpusets are always present.  If a "
"system supports cpusets, then it will have the entry B<nodev cpuset> in the "
"file I</proc/filesystems>.  By mounting the cpuset filesystem (see the "
"B<EXAMPLE> section below), the administrator can configure the cpusets on a "
"system to control the processor and memory placement of processes on that "
"system.  By default, if the cpuset configuration on a system is not modified "
"or if the cpuset filesystem is not even mounted, then the cpuset mechanism, "
"though present, has no affect on the system's behavior."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:54
msgid "A cpuset defines a list of CPUs and memory nodes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:63
msgid ""
"The CPUs of a system include all the logical processing units on which a "
"process can execute, including, if present, multiple processor cores within "
"a package and Hyper-Threads within a processor core.  Memory nodes include "
"all distinct banks of main memory; small and SMP systems typically have just "
"one memory node that contains all the system's main memory, while NUMA (non-"
"uniform memory access) systems have multiple memory nodes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:73
msgid ""
"Cpusets are represented as directories in a hierarchical pseudo-filesystem, "
"where the top directory in the hierarchy (I</dev/cpuset>)  represents the "
"entire system (all online CPUs and memory nodes)  and any cpuset that is the "
"child (descendant) of another parent cpuset contains a subset of that "
"parent's CPUs and memory nodes.  The directories and files representing "
"cpusets have normal filesystem permissions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:84
msgid ""
"Every process in the system belongs to exactly one cpuset.  A process is "
"confined to run only on the CPUs in the cpuset it belongs to, and to "
"allocate memory only on the memory nodes in that cpuset.  When a process "
"B<fork>(2)s, the child process is placed in the same cpuset as its parent.  "
"With sufficient privilege, a process may be moved from one cpuset to another "
"and the allowed CPUs and memory nodes of an existing cpuset may be changed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:92
msgid ""
"When the system begins booting, a single cpuset is defined that includes all "
"CPUs and memory nodes on the system, and all processes are in that cpuset.  "
"During the boot process, or later during normal system operation, other "
"cpusets may be created, as subdirectories of this top cpuset, under the "
"control of the system administrator, and processes may be placed in these "
"other cpusets."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:114
msgid ""
"Cpusets are integrated with the B<sched_setaffinity>(2)  scheduling affinity "
"mechanism and the B<mbind>(2)  and B<set_mempolicy>(2)  memory-placement "
"mechanisms in the kernel.  Neither of these mechanisms let a process make "
"use of a CPU or memory node that is not allowed by that process's cpuset.  "
"If changes to a process's cpuset placement conflict with these other "
"mechanisms, then cpuset placement is enforced even if it means overriding "
"these other mechanisms.  The kernel accomplishes this overriding by silently "
"restricting the CPUs and memory nodes requested by these other mechanisms to "
"those allowed by the invoking process's cpuset.  This can result in these "
"other calls returning an error, if for example, such a call ends up "
"requesting an empty set of CPUs or memory nodes, after that request is "
"restricted to the invoking process's cpuset."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:120
msgid ""
"Typically, a cpuset is used to manage the CPU and memory-node confinement "
"for a set of cooperating processes such as a batch scheduler job, and these "
"other mechanisms are used to manage the placement of individual processes or "
"memory regions within that set or job."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:120
#, no-wrap
msgid "FILES"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:125
msgid ""
"Each directory below I</dev/cpuset> represents a cpuset and contains a fixed "
"set of pseudo-files describing the state of that cpuset."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:135
msgid ""
"New cpusets are created using the B<mkdir>(2)  system call or the "
"B<mkdir>(1)  command.  The properties of a cpuset, such as its flags, "
"allowed CPUs and memory nodes, and attached processes, are queried and "
"modified by reading or writing to the appropriate file in that cpuset's "
"directory, as listed below."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:141
msgid ""
"The pseudo-files in each cpuset directory are automatically created when the "
"cpuset is created, as a result of the B<mkdir>(2)  invocation.  It is not "
"possible to directly add or remove these pseudo-files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:149
msgid ""
"A cpuset directory that contains no child cpuset directories, and has no "
"attached processes, can be removed using B<rmdir>(2)  or B<rmdir>(1).  It is "
"not necessary, or possible, to remove the pseudo-files inside the directory "
"before removing it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:163
msgid ""
"The pseudo-files in each cpuset directory are small text files that may be "
"read and written using traditional shell utilities such as B<cat>(1), and "
"B<echo>(1), or from a program by using file I/O library functions or system "
"calls, such as B<open>(2), B<read>(2), B<write>(2), and B<close>(2)."
msgstr ""

#.  ====================== tasks ======================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:168
msgid ""
"The pseudo-files in a cpuset directory represent internal kernel state and "
"do not have any persistent image on disk.  Each of these per-cpuset files is "
"listed and described below."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:168
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<tasks>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:178
msgid ""
"List of the process IDs (PIDs) of the processes in that cpuset.  The list is "
"formatted as a series of ASCII decimal numbers, each followed by a newline.  "
"A process may be added to a cpuset (automatically removing it from the "
"cpuset that previously contained it) by writing its PID to that cpuset's "
"I<tasks> file (with or without a trailing newline)."
msgstr ""

#.  =================== notify_on_release ===================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:186
msgid ""
"B<Warning:> only one PID may be written to the I<tasks> file at a time.  If "
"a string is written that contains more than one PID, only the first one will "
"be used."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:186
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<notify_on_release>"
msgstr ""

#.  ====================== cpus ======================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:195
msgid ""
"Flag (0 or 1).  If set (1), that cpuset will receive special handling after "
"it is released, that is, after all processes cease using it (i.e., terminate "
"or are moved to a different cpuset)  and all child cpuset directories have "
"been removed.  See the B<Notify On Release> section, below."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:195
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<cpuset.cpus>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:202
msgid ""
"List of the physical numbers of the CPUs on which processes in that cpuset "
"are allowed to execute.  See B<List Format> below for a description of the "
"format of I<cpus>."
msgstr ""

#.  ==================== cpu_exclusive ====================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:208
msgid ""
"The CPUs allowed to a cpuset may be changed by writing a new list to its "
"I<cpus> file."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:208
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<cpuset.cpu_exclusive>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:215
msgid ""
"Flag (0 or 1).  If set (1), the cpuset has exclusive use of its CPUs (no "
"sibling or cousin cpuset may overlap CPUs).  By default this is off (0).  "
"Newly created cpusets also initially default this to off (0)."
msgstr ""

#.  ====================== mems ======================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:237
msgid ""
"Two cpusets are I<sibling> cpusets if they share the same parent cpuset in "
"the I</dev/cpuset> hierarchy.  Two cpusets are I<cousin> cpusets if neither "
"is the ancestor of the other.  Regardless of the I<cpu_exclusive> setting, "
"if one cpuset is the ancestor of another, and if both of these cpusets have "
"nonempty I<cpus>, then their I<cpus> must overlap, because the I<cpus> of "
"any cpuset are always a subset of the I<cpus> of its parent cpuset."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:237
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<cpuset.mems>"
msgstr ""

#.  ==================== mem_exclusive ====================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:245
msgid ""
"List of memory nodes on which processes in this cpuset are allowed to "
"allocate memory.  See B<List Format> below for a description of the format "
"of I<mems>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:245
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<cpuset.mem_exclusive>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:253
msgid ""
"Flag (0 or 1).  If set (1), the cpuset has exclusive use of its memory nodes "
"(no sibling or cousin may overlap).  Also if set (1), the cpuset is a "
"B<Hardwall> cpuset (see below).  By default this is off (0).  Newly created "
"cpusets also initially default this to off (0)."
msgstr ""

#.  ==================== mem_hardwall ====================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:261
msgid ""
"Regardless of the I<mem_exclusive> setting, if one cpuset is the ancestor of "
"another, then their memory nodes must overlap, because the memory nodes of "
"any cpuset are always a subset of the memory nodes of that cpuset's parent "
"cpuset."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:261
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<cpuset.mem_hardwall> (since Linux 2.6.26)"
msgstr ""

#.  ==================== memory_migrate ====================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:272
msgid ""
"Flag (0 or 1).  If set (1), the cpuset is a B<Hardwall> cpuset (see below).  "
"Unlike B<mem_exclusive>, there is no constraint on whether cpusets marked "
"B<mem_hardwall> may have overlapping memory nodes with sibling or cousin "
"cpusets.  By default this is off (0).  Newly created cpusets also initially "
"default this to off (0)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:272
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<cpuset.memory_migrate> (since Linux 2.6.16)"
msgstr ""

#.  ==================== memory_pressure ====================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:279
msgid ""
"Flag (0 or 1).  If set (1), then memory migration is enabled.  By default "
"this is off (0).  See the B<Memory Migration> section, below."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:279
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<cpuset.memory_pressure> (since Linux 2.6.16)"
msgstr ""

#.  ================= memory_pressure_enabled =================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:292
msgid ""
"A measure of how much memory pressure the processes in this cpuset are "
"causing.  See the B<Memory Pressure> section, below.  Unless "
"I<memory_pressure_enabled> is enabled, always has value zero (0).  This file "
"is read-only.  See the B<WARNINGS> section, below."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:292
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<cpuset.memory_pressure_enabled> (since Linux 2.6.16)"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== memory_spread_page ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:304
msgid ""
"Flag (0 or 1).  This file is present only in the root cpuset, normally I</"
"dev/cpuset>.  If set (1), the I<memory_pressure> calculations are enabled "
"for all cpusets in the system.  By default this is off (0).  See the "
"B<Memory Pressure> section, below."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:304
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<cpuset.memory_spread_page> (since Linux 2.6.17)"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== memory_spread_slab ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:314
msgid ""
"Flag (0 or 1).  If set (1), pages in the kernel page cache (filesystem "
"buffers) are uniformly spread across the cpuset.  By default this is off (0) "
"in the top cpuset, and inherited from the parent cpuset in newly created "
"cpusets.  See the B<Memory Spread> section, below."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:314
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<cpuset.memory_spread_slab> (since Linux 2.6.17)"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== sched_load_balance ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:325
msgid ""
"Flag (0 or 1).  If set (1), the kernel slab caches for file I/O (directory "
"and inode structures) are uniformly spread across the cpuset.  By default "
"this is off (0) in the top cpuset, and inherited from the parent cpuset in "
"newly created cpusets.  See the B<Memory Spread> section, below."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:325
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<cpuset.sched_load_balance> (since Linux 2.6.24)"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== sched_relax_domain_level ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:339
msgid ""
"Flag (0 or 1).  If set (1, the default) the kernel will automatically load "
"balance processes in that cpuset over the allowed CPUs in that cpuset.  If "
"cleared (0) the kernel will avoid load balancing processes in this cpuset, "
"I<unless> some other cpuset with overlapping CPUs has its "
"I<sched_load_balance> flag set.  See B<Scheduler Load Balancing>, below, for "
"further details."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:339
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<cpuset.sched_relax_domain_level> (since Linux 2.6.26)"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== proc cpuset ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:359
msgid ""
"Integer, between -1 and a small positive value.  The "
"I<sched_relax_domain_level> controls the width of the range of CPUs over "
"which the kernel scheduler performs immediate rebalancing of runnable tasks "
"across CPUs.  If I<sched_load_balance> is disabled, then the setting of "
"I<sched_relax_domain_level> does not matter, as no such load balancing is "
"done.  If I<sched_load_balance> is enabled, then the higher the value of the "
"I<sched_relax_domain_level>, the wider the range of CPUs over which "
"immediate load balancing is attempted.  See B<Scheduler Relax Domain Level>, "
"below, for further details."
msgstr ""

#.  ================== proc status ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:367
msgid ""
"In addition to the above pseudo-files in each directory below I</dev/"
"cpuset>, each process has a pseudo-file, I</proc/E<lt>pidE<gt>/cpuset>, that "
"displays the path of the process's cpuset directory relative to the root of "
"the cpuset filesystem."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:378
msgid ""
"Also the I</proc/E<lt>pidE<gt>/status> file for each process has four added "
"lines, displaying the process's I<Cpus_allowed> (on which CPUs it may be "
"scheduled) and I<Mems_allowed> (on which memory nodes it may obtain memory), "
"in the two formats B<Mask Format> and B<List Format> (see below)  as shown "
"in the following example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:385
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Cpus_allowed:   ffffffff,ffffffff,ffffffff,ffffffff\n"
"Cpus_allowed_list:     0-127\n"
"Mems_allowed:   ffffffff,ffffffff\n"
"Mems_allowed_list:     0-63\n"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== EXTENDED CAPABILITIES ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:391
msgid ""
"The \"allowed\" fields were added in Linux 2.6.24; the \"allowed_list\" "
"fields were added in Linux 2.6.26."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:391
#, no-wrap
msgid "EXTENDED CAPABILITIES"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== Exclusive Cpusets ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:399
msgid ""
"In addition to controlling which I<cpus> and I<mems> a process is allowed to "
"use, cpusets provide the following extended capabilities."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:399
#, no-wrap
msgid "Exclusive cpusets"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:406
msgid ""
"If a cpuset is marked I<cpu_exclusive> or I<mem_exclusive>, no other cpuset, "
"other than a direct ancestor or descendant, may share any of the same CPUs "
"or memory nodes."
msgstr ""

#.  ================== Hardwall ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:432
msgid ""
"A cpuset that is I<mem_exclusive> restricts kernel allocations for buffer "
"cache pages and other internal kernel data pages commonly shared by the "
"kernel across multiple users.  All cpusets, whether I<mem_exclusive> or not, "
"restrict allocations of memory for user space.  This enables configuring a "
"system so that several independent jobs can share common kernel data, while "
"isolating each job's user allocation in its own cpuset.  To do this, "
"construct a large I<mem_exclusive> cpuset to hold all the jobs, and "
"construct child, non-I<mem_exclusive> cpusets for each individual job.  Only "
"a small amount of kernel memory, such as requests from interrupt handlers, "
"is allowed to be placed on memory nodes outside even a I<mem_exclusive> "
"cpuset."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:432
#, no-wrap
msgid "Hardwall"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:447
msgid ""
"A cpuset that has I<mem_exclusive> or I<mem_hardwall> set is a I<hardwall> "
"cpuset.  A I<hardwall> cpuset restricts kernel allocations for page, buffer, "
"and other data commonly shared by the kernel across multiple users.  All "
"cpusets, whether I<hardwall> or not, restrict allocations of memory for user "
"space."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:458
msgid ""
"This enables configuring a system so that several independent jobs can share "
"common kernel data, such as filesystem pages, while isolating each job's "
"user allocation in its own cpuset.  To do this, construct a large "
"I<hardwall> cpuset to hold all the jobs, and construct child cpusets for "
"each individual job which are not I<hardwall> cpusets."
msgstr ""

#.  ================== Notify On Release ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:464
msgid ""
"Only a small amount of kernel memory, such as requests from interrupt "
"handlers, is allowed to be taken outside even a I<hardwall> cpuset."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:464
#, no-wrap
msgid "Notify on release"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:476
msgid ""
"If the I<notify_on_release> flag is enabled (1) in a cpuset, then whenever "
"the last process in the cpuset leaves (exits or attaches to some other "
"cpuset)  and the last child cpuset of that cpuset is removed, the kernel "
"will run the command I</sbin/cpuset_release_agent>, supplying the pathname "
"(relative to the mount point of the cpuset filesystem) of the abandoned "
"cpuset.  This enables automatic removal of abandoned cpusets."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:484
msgid ""
"The default value of I<notify_on_release> in the root cpuset at system boot "
"is disabled (0).  The default value of other cpusets at creation is the "
"current value of their parent's I<notify_on_release> setting."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:492
msgid ""
"The command I</sbin/cpuset_release_agent> is invoked, with the name (I</dev/"
"cpuset> relative path)  of the to-be-released cpuset in I<argv[1]>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:496
msgid ""
"The usual contents of the command I</sbin/cpuset_release_agent> is simply "
"the shell script:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:501
#, no-wrap
msgid "#!/bin/sh\n"
"rmdir /dev/cpuset/$1\n"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== Memory Pressure ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:509
msgid ""
"As with other flag values below, this flag can be changed by writing an "
"ASCII number 0 or 1 (with optional trailing newline)  into the file, to "
"clear or set the flag, respectively."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:509
#, no-wrap
msgid "Memory pressure"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:515
msgid ""
"The I<memory_pressure> of a cpuset provides a simple per-cpuset running "
"average of the rate that the processes in a cpuset are attempting to free up "
"in-use memory on the nodes of the cpuset to satisfy additional memory "
"requests."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:519
msgid ""
"This enables batch managers that are monitoring jobs running in dedicated "
"cpusets to efficiently detect what level of memory pressure that job is "
"causing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:526
msgid ""
"This is useful both on tightly managed systems running a wide mix of "
"submitted jobs, which may choose to terminate or reprioritize jobs that are "
"trying to use more memory than allowed on the nodes assigned them, and with "
"tightly coupled, long-running, massively parallel scientific computing jobs "
"that will dramatically fail to meet required performance goals if they start "
"to use more memory than allowed to them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:531
msgid ""
"This mechanism provides a very economical way for the batch manager to "
"monitor a cpuset for signs of memory pressure.  It's up to the batch manager "
"or other user code to decide what action to take if it detects signs of "
"memory pressure."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:538
msgid ""
"Unless memory pressure calculation is enabled by setting the pseudo-file I</"
"dev/cpuset/cpuset.memory_pressure_enabled>, it is not computed for any "
"cpuset, and reads from any I<memory_pressure> always return zero, as "
"represented by the ASCII string \"0\\en\".  See the B<WARNINGS> section, "
"below."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:540
msgid "A per-cpuset, running average is employed for the following reasons:"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:540 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:545 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:550 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:726 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:730 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:927 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:930 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:934 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:938 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:942
#, no-wrap
msgid "*"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:545
msgid ""
"Because this meter is per-cpuset rather than per-process or per virtual "
"memory region, the system load imposed by a batch scheduler monitoring this "
"metric is sharply reduced on large systems, because a scan of the tasklist "
"can be avoided on each set of queries."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:550
msgid ""
"Because this meter is a running average rather than an accumulating counter, "
"a batch scheduler can detect memory pressure with a single read, instead of "
"having to read and accumulate results for a period of time."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:556
msgid ""
"Because this meter is per-cpuset rather than per-process, the batch "
"scheduler can obtain the key information\\(emmemory pressure in a "
"cpuset\\(emwith a single read, rather than having to query and accumulate "
"results over all the (dynamically changing)  set of processes in the cpuset."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:564
msgid ""
"The I<memory_pressure> of a cpuset is calculated using a per-cpuset simple "
"digital filter that is kept within the kernel.  For each cpuset, this filter "
"tracks the recent rate at which processes attached to that cpuset enter the "
"kernel direct reclaim code."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:573
msgid ""
"The kernel direct reclaim code is entered whenever a process has to satisfy "
"a memory page request by first finding some other page to repurpose, due to "
"lack of any readily available already free pages.  Dirty filesystem pages "
"are repurposed by first writing them to disk.  Unmodified filesystem buffer "
"pages are repurposed by simply dropping them, though if that page is needed "
"again, it will have to be reread from disk."
msgstr ""

#.  ================== Memory Spread ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:581
msgid ""
"The I<cpuset.memory_pressure> file provides an integer number representing "
"the recent (half-life of 10 seconds) rate of entries to the direct reclaim "
"code caused by any process in the cpuset, in units of reclaims attempted per "
"second, times 1000."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:581
#, no-wrap
msgid "Memory spread"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:589
msgid ""
"There are two Boolean flag files per cpuset that control where the kernel "
"allocates pages for the filesystem buffers and related in-kernel data "
"structures.  They are called I<cpuset.memory_spread_page> and I<cpuset."
"memory_spread_slab>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:596
msgid ""
"If the per-cpuset Boolean flag file I<cpuset.memory_spread_page> is set, "
"then the kernel will spread the filesystem buffers (page cache) evenly over "
"all the nodes that the faulting process is allowed to use, instead of "
"preferring to put those pages on the node where the process is running."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:604
msgid ""
"If the per-cpuset Boolean flag file I<cpuset.memory_spread_slab> is set, "
"then the kernel will spread some filesystem-related slab caches, such as "
"those for inodes and directory entries, evenly over all the nodes that the "
"faulting process is allowed to use, instead of preferring to put those pages "
"on the node where the process is running."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:609
msgid ""
"The setting of these flags does not affect the data segment (see B<brk>(2))  "
"or stack segment pages of a process."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:617
msgid ""
"By default, both kinds of memory spreading are off and the kernel prefers to "
"allocate memory pages on the node local to where the requesting process is "
"running.  If that node is not allowed by the process's NUMA memory policy or "
"cpuset configuration or if there are insufficient free memory pages on that "
"node, then the kernel looks for the nearest node that is allowed and has "
"sufficient free memory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:620
msgid ""
"When new cpusets are created, they inherit the memory spread settings of "
"their parent."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:635
msgid ""
"Setting memory spreading causes allocations for the affected page or slab "
"caches to ignore the process's NUMA memory policy and be spread instead.  "
"However, the effect of these changes in memory placement caused by cpuset-"
"specified memory spreading is hidden from the B<mbind>(2)  or "
"B<set_mempolicy>(2)  calls.  These two NUMA memory policy calls always "
"appear to behave as if no cpuset-specified memory spreading is in effect, "
"even if it is.  If cpuset memory spreading is subsequently turned off, the "
"NUMA memory policy most recently specified by these calls is automatically "
"reapplied."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:644
msgid ""
"Both I<cpuset.memory_spread_page> and I<cpuset.memory_spread_slab> are "
"Boolean flag files.  By default they contain \"0\", meaning that the feature "
"is off for that cpuset.  If a \"1\" is written to that file, that turns the "
"named feature on."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:647
msgid ""
"Cpuset-specified memory spreading behaves similarly to what is known (in "
"other contexts) as round-robin or interleave memory placement."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:650
msgid ""
"Cpuset-specified memory spreading can provide substantial performance "
"improvements for jobs that:"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:650
#, no-wrap
msgid "a)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:654
msgid ""
"need to place thread-local data on memory nodes close to the CPUs which are "
"running the threads that most frequently access that data; but also"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:654
#, no-wrap
msgid "b)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:657
msgid ""
"need to access large filesystem data sets that must to be spread across the "
"several nodes in the job's cpuset in order to fit."
msgstr ""

#.  ================== Memory Migration ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:664
msgid ""
"Without this policy, the memory allocation across the nodes in the job's "
"cpuset can become very uneven, especially for jobs that might have just a "
"single thread initializing or reading in the data set."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:664
#, no-wrap
msgid "Memory migration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:673
msgid ""
"Normally, under the default setting (disabled) of I<cpuset.memory_migrate>, "
"once a page is allocated (given a physical page of main memory), then that "
"page stays on whatever node it was allocated, so long as it remains "
"allocated, even if the cpuset's memory-placement policy I<mems> subsequently "
"changes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:679
msgid ""
"When memory migration is enabled in a cpuset, if the I<mems> setting of the "
"cpuset is changed, then any memory page in use by any process in the cpuset "
"that is on a memory node that is no longer allowed will be migrated to a "
"memory node that is allowed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:685
msgid ""
"Furthermore, if a process is moved into a cpuset with I<memory_migrate> "
"enabled, any memory pages it uses that were on memory nodes allowed in its "
"previous cpuset, but which are not allowed in its new cpuset, will be "
"migrated to a memory node allowed in the new cpuset."
msgstr ""

#.  ================== Scheduler Load Balancing ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:693
msgid ""
"The relative placement of a migrated page within the cpuset is preserved "
"during these migration operations if possible.  For example, if the page was "
"on the second valid node of the prior cpuset, then the page will be placed "
"on the second valid node of the new cpuset, if possible."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:693
#, no-wrap
msgid "Scheduler load balancing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:700
msgid ""
"The kernel scheduler automatically load balances processes.  If one CPU is "
"underutilized, the kernel will look for processes on other more overloaded "
"CPUs and move those processes to the underutilized CPU, within the "
"constraints of such placement mechanisms as cpusets and "
"B<sched_setaffinity>(2)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:713
msgid ""
"The algorithmic cost of load balancing and its impact on key shared kernel "
"data structures such as the process list increases more than linearly with "
"the number of CPUs being balanced.  For example, it costs more to load "
"balance across one large set of CPUs than it does to balance across two "
"smaller sets of CPUs, each of half the size of the larger set.  (The precise "
"relationship between the number of CPUs being balanced and the cost of load "
"balancing depends on implementation details of the kernel process scheduler, "
"which is subject to change over time, as improved kernel scheduler "
"algorithms are implemented.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:719
msgid ""
"The per-cpuset flag I<sched_load_balance> provides a mechanism to suppress "
"this automatic scheduler load balancing in cases where it is not needed and "
"suppressing it would have worthwhile performance benefits."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:723
msgid ""
"By default, load balancing is done across all CPUs, except those marked "
"isolated using the kernel boot time \"isolcpus=\" argument.  (See "
"B<Scheduler Relax Domain Level>, below, to change this default.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:726
msgid ""
"This default load balancing across all CPUs is not well suited to the "
"following two situations:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:730
msgid ""
"On large systems, load balancing across many CPUs is expensive.  If the "
"system is managed using cpusets to place independent jobs on separate sets "
"of CPUs, full load balancing is unnecessary."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:734
msgid ""
"Systems supporting real-time on some CPUs need to minimize system overhead "
"on those CPUs, including avoiding process load balancing if that is not "
"needed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:744
msgid ""
"When the per-cpuset flag I<sched_load_balance> is enabled (the default "
"setting), it requests load balancing across all the CPUs in that cpuset's "
"allowed CPUs, ensuring that load balancing can move a process (not otherwise "
"pinned, as by B<sched_setaffinity>(2))  from any CPU in that cpuset to any "
"other."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:753
msgid ""
"When the per-cpuset flag I<sched_load_balance> is disabled, then the "
"scheduler will avoid load balancing across the CPUs in that cpuset, "
"I<except> in so far as is necessary because some overlapping cpuset has "
"I<sched_load_balance> enabled."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:761
msgid ""
"So, for example, if the top cpuset has the flag I<sched_load_balance> "
"enabled, then the scheduler will load balance across all CPUs, and the "
"setting of the I<sched_load_balance> flag in other cpusets has no effect, as "
"we're already fully load balancing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:766
msgid ""
"Therefore in the above two situations, the flag I<sched_load_balance> should "
"be disabled in the top cpuset, and only some of the smaller, child cpusets "
"would have this flag enabled."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:774
msgid ""
"When doing this, you don't usually want to leave any unpinned processes in "
"the top cpuset that might use nontrivial amounts of CPU, as such processes "
"may be artificially constrained to some subset of CPUs, depending on the "
"particulars of this flag setting in descendant cpusets.  Even if such a "
"process could use spare CPU cycles in some other CPUs, the kernel scheduler "
"might not consider the possibility of load balancing that process to the "
"underused CPU."
msgstr ""

#.  ================== Scheduler Relax Domain Level ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:780
msgid ""
"Of course, processes pinned to a particular CPU can be left in a cpuset that "
"disables I<sched_load_balance> as those processes aren't going anywhere else "
"anyway."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:780
#, no-wrap
msgid "Scheduler relax domain level"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:801
msgid ""
"The kernel scheduler performs immediate load balancing whenever a CPU "
"becomes free or another task becomes runnable.  This load balancing works to "
"ensure that as many CPUs as possible are usefully employed running tasks.  "
"The kernel also performs periodic load balancing off the software clock "
"described in B<time>(7).  The setting of I<sched_relax_domain_level> applies "
"only to immediate load balancing.  Regardless of the "
"I<sched_relax_domain_level> setting, periodic load balancing is attempted "
"over all CPUs (unless disabled by turning off I<sched_load_balance>.)  In "
"any case, of course, tasks will be scheduled to run only on CPUs allowed by "
"their cpuset, as modified by B<sched_setaffinity>(2)  system calls."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:809
msgid ""
"On small systems, such as those with just a few CPUs, immediate load "
"balancing is useful to improve system interactivity and to minimize wasteful "
"idle CPU cycles.  But on large systems, attempting immediate load balancing "
"across a large number of CPUs can be more costly than it is worth, depending "
"on the particular performance characteristics of the job mix and the "
"hardware."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:817
msgid ""
"The exact meaning of the small integer values of I<sched_relax_domain_level> "
"will depend on internal implementation details of the kernel scheduler code "
"and on the non-uniform architecture of the hardware.  Both of these will "
"evolve over time and vary by system architecture and kernel version."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:822
msgid ""
"As of this writing, when this capability was introduced in Linux 2.6.26, on "
"certain popular architectures, the positive values of "
"I<sched_relax_domain_level> have the following meanings."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:824
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<(1)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:827
msgid ""
"Perform immediate load balancing across Hyper-Thread siblings on the same "
"core."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:827
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<(2)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:829
msgid ""
"Perform immediate load balancing across other cores in the same package."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:829
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<(3)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:832
msgid ""
"Perform immediate load balancing across other CPUs on the same node or blade."
""
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:832
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<(4)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:835
msgid ""
"Perform immediate load balancing across over several (implementation detail) "
"nodes [On NUMA systems]."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:835
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<(5)>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:838
msgid ""
"Perform immediate load balancing across over all CPUs in system [On NUMA "
"systems]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:847
msgid ""
"The I<sched_relax_domain_level> value of zero (0) always means don't perform "
"immediate load balancing, hence that load balancing is done only "
"periodically, not immediately when a CPU becomes available or another task "
"becomes runnable."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:855
msgid ""
"The I<sched_relax_domain_level> value of minus one (-1)  always means use "
"the system default value.  The system default value can vary by architecture "
"and kernel version.  This system default value can be changed by kernel boot-"
"time \"relax_domain_level=\" argument."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:863
msgid ""
"In the case of multiple overlapping cpusets which have conflicting "
"I<sched_relax_domain_level> values, then the highest such value applies to "
"all CPUs in any of the overlapping cpusets.  In such cases, the value "
"B<minus one (-1)> is the lowest value, overridden by any other value, and "
"the value B<zero (0)> is the next lowest value."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:863
#, no-wrap
msgid "FORMATS"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== Mask Format ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:867
msgid ""
"The following formats are used to represent sets of CPUs and memory nodes."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:867
#, no-wrap
msgid "Mask format"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:872
msgid ""
"The B<Mask Format> is used to represent CPU and memory-node bit masks in the "
"I</proc/E<lt>pidE<gt>/status> file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:880
msgid ""
"This format displays each 32-bit word in hexadecimal (using ASCII characters "
"\"0\" - \"9\" and \"a\" - \"f\"); words are filled with leading zeros, if "
"required.  For masks longer than one word, a comma separator is used between "
"words.  Words are displayed in big-endian order, which has the most "
"significant bit first.  The hex digits within a word are also in big-endian "
"order."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:883
msgid ""
"The number of 32-bit words displayed is the minimum number needed to display "
"all bits of the bit mask, based on the size of the bit mask."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:885
msgid "Examples of the B<Mask Format>:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:893
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"00000001                        # just bit 0 set\n"
"40000000,00000000,00000000      # just bit 94 set\n"
"00000001,00000000,00000000      # just bit 64 set\n"
"000000ff,00000000               # bits 32-39 set\n"
"00000000,000E3862               # 1,5,6,11-13,17-19 set\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:897
msgid "A mask with bits 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 set displays as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:901
#, no-wrap
msgid "00000001,00000001,00010117\n"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== List Format ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:908
msgid ""
"The first \"1\" is for bit 64, the second for bit 32, the third for bit 16, "
"the fourth for bit 8, the fifth for bit 4, and the \"7\" is for bits 2, 1, "
"and 0."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:908
#, no-wrap
msgid "List format"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:915
msgid ""
"The B<List Format> for I<cpus> and I<mems> is a comma-separated list of CPU "
"or memory-node numbers and ranges of numbers, in ASCII decimal."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:917
msgid "Examples of the B<List Format>:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:922
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"0-4,9           # bits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 9 set\n"
"0-2,7,12-14     # bits 0, 1, 2, 7, 12, 13, and 14 set\n"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== RULES ==================
#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:925
#, no-wrap
msgid "RULES"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:927
msgid "The following rules apply to each cpuset:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:930
msgid ""
"Its CPUs and memory nodes must be a (possibly equal)  subset of its parent's."
""
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:934
msgid "It can be marked I<cpu_exclusive> only if its parent is."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:938
msgid "It can be marked I<mem_exclusive> only if its parent is."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:942
msgid "If it is I<cpu_exclusive>, its CPUs may not overlap any sibling."
msgstr ""

#.  ================== PERMISSIONS ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:947
msgid ""
"If it is I<memory_exclusive>, its memory nodes may not overlap any sibling."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:947
#, no-wrap
msgid "PERMISSIONS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:952
msgid ""
"The permissions of a cpuset are determined by the permissions of the "
"directories and pseudo-files in the cpuset filesystem, normally mounted at "
"I</dev/cpuset>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:961
msgid ""
"For instance, a process can put itself in some other cpuset (than its "
"current one) if it can write the I<tasks> file for that cpuset.  This "
"requires execute permission on the encompassing directories and write "
"permission on the I<tasks> file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:968
msgid ""
"An additional constraint is applied to requests to place some other process "
"in a cpuset.  One process may not attach another to a cpuset unless it would "
"have permission to send that process a signal (see B<kill>(2))."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:979
msgid ""
"A process may create a child cpuset if it can access and write the parent "
"cpuset directory.  It can modify the CPUs or memory nodes in a cpuset if it "
"can access that cpuset's directory (execute permissions on the each of the "
"parent directories) and write the corresponding I<cpus> or I<mems> file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1000
msgid ""
"There is one minor difference between the manner in which these permissions "
"are evaluated and the manner in which normal filesystem operation "
"permissions are evaluated.  The kernel interprets relative pathnames "
"starting at a process's current working directory.  Even if one is operating "
"on a cpuset file, relative pathnames are interpreted relative to the "
"process's current working directory, not relative to the process's current "
"cpuset.  The only ways that cpuset paths relative to a process's current "
"cpuset can be used are if either the process's current working directory is "
"its cpuset (it first did a B<cd> or B<chdir>(2)  to its cpuset directory "
"beneath I</dev/cpuset>, which is a bit unusual)  or if some user code "
"converts the relative cpuset path to a full filesystem path."
msgstr ""

#.  ================== WARNINGS ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1015
msgid ""
"In theory, this means that user code should specify cpusets using absolute "
"pathnames, which requires knowing the mount point of the cpuset filesystem "
"(usually, but not necessarily, I</dev/cpuset>).  In practice, all user level "
"code that this author is aware of simply assumes that if the cpuset "
"filesystem is mounted, then it is mounted at I</dev/cpuset>.  Furthermore, "
"it is common practice for carefully written user code to verify the presence "
"of the pseudo-file I</dev/cpuset/tasks> in order to verify that the cpuset "
"pseudo-filesystem is currently mounted."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1015
#, no-wrap
msgid "WARNINGS"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1016
#, no-wrap
msgid "Enabling memory_pressure"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1025
msgid ""
"By default, the per-cpuset file I<cpuset.memory_pressure> always contains "
"zero (0).  Unless this feature is enabled by writing \"1\" to the pseudo-"
"file I</dev/cpuset/cpuset.memory_pressure_enabled>, the kernel does not "
"compute per-cpuset I<memory_pressure>."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1025
#, no-wrap
msgid "Using the echo command"
msgstr ""

#.  Gack!  csh(1)'s echo does this
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1036
msgid ""
"When using the B<echo> command at the shell prompt to change the values of "
"cpuset files, beware that the built-in B<echo> command in some shells does "
"not display an error message if the B<write>(2)  system call fails.  For "
"example, if the command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1040
#, no-wrap
msgid "echo 19 E<gt> cpuset.mems\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1053
msgid ""
"failed because memory node 19 was not allowed (perhaps the current system "
"does not have a memory node 19), then the B<echo> command might not display "
"any error.  It is better to use the B</bin/echo> external command to change "
"cpuset file settings, as this command will display B<write>(2)  errors, as "
"in the example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1058
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"/bin/echo 19 E<gt> cpuset.mems\n"
"/bin/echo: write error: Invalid argument\n"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== EXCEPTIONS ==================
#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1061
#, no-wrap
msgid "EXCEPTIONS"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1062
#, no-wrap
msgid "Memory placement"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1065
msgid ""
"Not all allocations of system memory are constrained by cpusets, for the "
"following reasons."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1080
msgid ""
"If hot-plug functionality is used to remove all the CPUs that are currently "
"assigned to a cpuset, then the kernel will automatically update the "
"I<cpus_allowed> of all processes attached to CPUs in that cpuset to allow "
"all CPUs.  When memory hot-plug functionality for removing memory nodes is "
"available, a similar exception is expected to apply there as well.  In "
"general, the kernel prefers to violate cpuset placement, rather than "
"starving a process that has had all its allowed CPUs or memory nodes taken "
"offline.  User code should reconfigure cpusets to refer only to online CPUs "
"and memory nodes when using hot-plug to add or remove such resources."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1088
msgid ""
"A few kernel-critical, internal memory-allocation requests, marked "
"GFP_ATOMIC, must be satisfied immediately.  The kernel may drop some request "
"or malfunction if one of these allocations fail.  If such a request cannot "
"be satisfied within the current process's cpuset, then we relax the cpuset, "
"and look for memory anywhere we can find it.  It's better to violate the "
"cpuset than stress the kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1092
msgid ""
"Allocations of memory requested by kernel drivers while processing an "
"interrupt lack any relevant process context, and are not confined by cpusets."
""
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1092
#, no-wrap
msgid "Renaming cpusets"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== ERRORS ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1100
msgid ""
"You can use the B<rename>(2)  system call to rename cpusets.  Only simple "
"renaming is supported; that is, changing the name of a cpuset directory is "
"permitted, but moving a directory into a different directory is not "
"permitted."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1100
#, no-wrap
msgid "ERRORS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1104
msgid ""
"The Linux kernel implementation of cpusets sets I<errno> to specify the "
"reason for a failed system call affecting cpusets."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1109
msgid ""
"The possible I<errno> settings and their meaning when set on a failed cpuset "
"call are as listed below."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1109
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<E2BIG>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1116
msgid ""
"Attempted a B<write>(2)  on a special cpuset file with a length larger than "
"some kernel-determined upper limit on the length of such writes."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1116 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1123 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1129 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1137 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1144
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EACCES>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1123
msgid ""
"Attempted to B<write>(2)  the process ID (PID) of a process to a cpuset "
"I<tasks> file when one lacks permission to move that process."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1129
msgid ""
"Attempted to add, using B<write>(2), a CPU or memory node to a cpuset, when "
"that CPU or memory node was not already in its parent."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1137
msgid ""
"Attempted to set, using B<write>(2), I<cpuset.cpu_exclusive> or I<cpuset."
"mem_exclusive> on a cpuset whose parent lacks the same setting."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1144
msgid "Attempted to B<write>(2)  a I<cpuset.memory_pressure> file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1147
msgid "Attempted to create a file in a cpuset directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1147 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1152 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1157
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EBUSY>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1152
msgid ""
"Attempted to remove, using B<rmdir>(2), a cpuset with attached processes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1157
msgid "Attempted to remove, using B<rmdir>(2), a cpuset with child cpusets."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1162
msgid ""
"Attempted to remove a CPU or memory node from a cpuset that is also in a "
"child of that cpuset."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1162 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1167
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EEXIST>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1167
msgid "Attempted to create, using B<mkdir>(2), a cpuset that already exists."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1172
msgid "Attempted to B<rename>(2)  a cpuset to a name that already exists."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1172
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EFAULT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1180
msgid ""
"Attempted to B<read>(2)  or B<write>(2)  a cpuset file using a buffer that "
"is outside the writing processes accessible address space."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1180 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1189 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1198 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1208 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1217 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1224 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1231
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EINVAL>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1189
msgid ""
"Attempted to change a cpuset, using B<write>(2), in a way that would violate "
"a I<cpu_exclusive> or I<mem_exclusive> attribute of that cpuset or any of "
"its siblings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1198
msgid ""
"Attempted to B<write>(2)  an empty I<cpuset.cpus> or I<cpuset.mems> list to "
"a cpuset which has attached processes or child cpusets."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1208
msgid ""
"Attempted to B<write>(2)  a I<cpuset.cpus> or I<cpuset.mems> list which "
"included a range with the second number smaller than the first number."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1217
msgid ""
"Attempted to B<write>(2)  a I<cpuset.cpus> or I<cpuset.mems> list which "
"included an invalid character in the string."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1224
msgid ""
"Attempted to B<write>(2)  a list to a I<cpuset.cpus> file that did not "
"include any online CPUs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1231
msgid ""
"Attempted to B<write>(2)  a list to a I<cpuset.mems> file that did not "
"include any online memory nodes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1238
msgid ""
"Attempted to B<write>(2)  a list to a I<cpuset.mems> file that included a "
"node that held no memory."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1238 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1246
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EIO>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1246
msgid ""
"Attempted to B<write>(2)  a string to a cpuset I<tasks> file that does not "
"begin with an ASCII decimal integer."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1251
msgid "Attempted to B<rename>(2)  a cpuset into a different directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1251 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1258 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1263
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENAMETOOLONG>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1258
msgid ""
"Attempted to B<read>(2)  a I</proc/E<lt>pidE<gt>/cpuset> file for a cpuset "
"path that is longer than the kernel page size."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1263
msgid ""
"Attempted to create, using B<mkdir>(2), a cpuset whose base directory name "
"is longer than 255 characters."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1270
msgid ""
"Attempted to create, using B<mkdir>(2), a cpuset whose full pathname, "
"including the mount point (typically \"/dev/cpuset/\") prefix, is longer "
"than 4095 characters."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1270
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENODEV>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1275
msgid ""
"The cpuset was removed by another process at the same time as a B<write>(2)  "
"was attempted on one of the pseudo-files in the cpuset directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1275 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1280
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENOENT>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1280
msgid ""
"Attempted to create, using B<mkdir>(2), a cpuset in a parent cpuset that "
"doesn't exist."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1287
msgid ""
"Attempted to B<access>(2)  or B<open>(2)  a nonexistent file in a cpuset "
"directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1287
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENOMEM>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1292
msgid ""
"Insufficient memory is available within the kernel; can occur on a variety "
"of system calls affecting cpusets, but only if the system is extremely short "
"of memory."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1292 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1304
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENOSPC>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1304
msgid ""
"Attempted to B<write>(2)  the process ID (PID)  of a process to a cpuset "
"I<tasks> file when the cpuset had an empty I<cpuset.cpus> or empty I<cpuset."
"mems> setting."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1314
msgid ""
"Attempted to B<write>(2)  an empty I<cpuset.cpus> or I<cpuset.mems> setting "
"to a cpuset that has tasks attached."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1314
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENOTDIR>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1319
msgid "Attempted to B<rename>(2)  a nonexistent cpuset."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1319
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EPERM>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1322
msgid "Attempted to remove a file from a cpuset directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1322
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ERANGE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1330
msgid ""
"Specified a I<cpuset.cpus> or I<cpuset.mems> list to the kernel which "
"included a number too large for the kernel to set in its bit masks."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1330
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ESRCH>"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== VERSIONS ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1338
msgid ""
"Attempted to B<write>(2)  the process ID (PID) of a nonexistent process to a "
"cpuset I<tasks> file."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1338
#, no-wrap
msgid "VERSIONS"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== NOTES ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1341
msgid "Cpusets appeared in version 2.6.12 of the Linux kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1341
#, no-wrap
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== BUGS ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1352
msgid ""
"Despite its name, the I<pid> parameter is actually a thread ID, and each "
"thread in a threaded group can be attached to a different cpuset.  The value "
"returned from a call to B<gettid>(2)  can be passed in the argument I<pid>."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1352
#, no-wrap
msgid "BUGS"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== EXAMPLE ==================
#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1365
msgid ""
"I<cpuset.memory_pressure> cpuset files can be opened for writing, creation, "
"or truncation, but then the B<write>(2)  fails with I<errno> set to "
"B<EACCES>, and the creation and truncation options on B<open>(2)  have no "
"effect."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1365
#, no-wrap
msgid "EXAMPLE"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1368
msgid ""
"The following examples demonstrate querying and setting cpuset options using "
"shell commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1368
#, no-wrap
msgid "Creating and attaching to a cpuset."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1371
msgid ""
"To create a new cpuset and attach the current command shell to it, the steps "
"are:"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1373 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1412
#, no-wrap
msgid "1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1375
msgid "mkdir /dev/cpuset (if not already done)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1375 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1418
#, no-wrap
msgid "2)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1377
msgid "mount -t cpuset none /dev/cpuset (if not already done)"
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1377 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1421
#, no-wrap
msgid "3)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1380
msgid "Create the new cpuset using B<mkdir>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1380 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1424
#, no-wrap
msgid "4)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1382
msgid "Assign CPUs and memory nodes to the new cpuset."
msgstr ""

#. type: IP
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1382 man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1429
#, no-wrap
msgid "5)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1384
msgid "Attach the shell to the new cpuset."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1389
msgid ""
"For example, the following sequence of commands will set up a cpuset named "
"\"Charlie\", containing just CPUs 2 and 3, and memory node 1, and then "
"attach the current shell to that cpuset."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1403
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$B< mkdir /dev/cpuset>\n"
"$B< mount -t cpuset cpuset /dev/cpuset>\n"
"$B< cd /dev/cpuset>\n"
"$B< mkdir Charlie>\n"
"$B< cd Charlie>\n"
"$B< /bin/echo 2-3 E<gt> cpuset.cpus>\n"
"$B< /bin/echo 1 E<gt> cpuset.mems>\n"
"$B< /bin/echo $$ E<gt> tasks>\n"
"# The current shell is now running in cpuset Charlie\n"
"# The next line should display '/Charlie'\n"
"$B< cat /proc/self/cpuset>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1405
#, no-wrap
msgid "Migrating a job to different memory nodes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1410
msgid ""
"To migrate a job (the set of processes attached to a cpuset)  to different "
"CPUs and memory nodes in the system, including moving the memory pages "
"currently allocated to that job, perform the following steps."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1418
msgid ""
"Let's say we want to move the job in cpuset I<alpha> (CPUs 4-7 and memory "
"nodes 2-3) to a new cpuset I<beta> (CPUs 16-19 and memory nodes 8-9)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1421
msgid "First create the new cpuset I<beta>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1424
msgid "Then allow CPUs 16-19 and memory nodes 8-9 in I<beta>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1429
msgid "Then enable I<memory_migration> in I<beta>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1434
msgid "Then move each process from I<alpha> to I<beta>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1437
msgid "The following sequence of commands accomplishes this."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1447
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"$B< cd /dev/cpuset>\n"
"$B< mkdir beta>\n"
"$B< cd beta>\n"
"$B< /bin/echo 16-19 E<gt> cpuset.cpus>\n"
"$B< /bin/echo 8-9 E<gt> cpuset.mems>\n"
"$B< /bin/echo 1 E<gt> cpuset.memory_migrate>\n"
"$B< while read i; do /bin/echo $i; done E<lt> ../alpha/tasks E<gt> tasks>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1456
msgid ""
"The above should move any processes in I<alpha> to I<beta>, and any memory "
"held by these processes on memory nodes 2-3 to memory nodes 8-9, "
"respectively."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1458
msgid "Notice that the last step of the above sequence did not do:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1462
#, no-wrap
msgid "$B< cp ../alpha/tasks tasks>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1473
msgid ""
"The I<while> loop, rather than the seemingly easier use of the B<cp>(1)  "
"command, was necessary because only one process PID at a time may be written "
"to the I<tasks> file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1481
msgid ""
"The same effect (writing one PID at a time) as the I<while> loop can be "
"accomplished more efficiently, in fewer keystrokes and in syntax that works "
"on any shell, but alas more obscurely, by using the B<-u> (unbuffered) "
"option of B<sed>(1):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1485
#, no-wrap
msgid "$B< sed -un p E<lt> ../alpha/tasks E<gt> tasks>\n"
msgstr ""

#.  ================== SEE ALSO ==================
#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1488
#, no-wrap
msgid "SEE ALSO"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1503
msgid ""
"B<taskset>(1), B<get_mempolicy>(2), B<getcpu>(2), B<mbind>(2), "
"B<sched_getaffinity>(2), B<sched_setaffinity>(2), B<sched_setscheduler>(2), "
"B<set_mempolicy>(2), B<CPU_SET>(3), B<proc>(5), B<numa>(7), B<sched>(7), "
"B<migratepages>(8), B<numactl>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1506
msgid "I<Documentation/cpusets.txt> in the Linux kernel source tree"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1506
#, no-wrap
msgid "COLOPHON"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: man-pages/man7/cpuset.7:1514
msgid ""
"This page is part of release 3.70 of the Linux I<man-pages> project.  A "
"description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest "
"version of this page, can be found at \\%http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/"
"."
msgstr ""