#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-03-17 16:32-0300\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#. Put one translator per line, in the form NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2
msgctxt "_"
msgid "translator-credits"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: info/title
#: article.translate.xml:7
msgid ""
"For People New to Both FreeBSD and <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</"
"trademark>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: affiliation/address
#: article.translate.xml:16
#, no-wrap
msgid "<email>andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu</email>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author
#: article.translate.xml:10
msgid ""
"<personname> <firstname>Annelise</firstname> <surname>Anderson</surname> </"
"personname> <affiliation> <_:address-1/> </affiliation>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: info/pubdate
#: article.translate.xml:21
msgid "1997-08-15"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: article.translate.xml:24
msgid "FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: article.translate.xml:26
msgid ""
"IBM, AIX, OS/2, PowerPC, PS/2, S/390, and ThinkPad are trademarks of "
"International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other "
"countries, or both."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: article.translate.xml:30
msgid ""
"Microsoft, IntelliMouse, MS-DOS, Outlook, Windows, Windows Media and Windows "
"NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation "
"in the United States and/or other countries."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: article.translate.xml:34
msgid ""
"Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are registered trademarks and IT DialTone and The "
"Open Group are trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other "
"countries."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: article.translate.xml:38
msgid ""
"Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish "
"their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in "
"this document, and the FreeBSD Project was aware of the trademark claim, the "
"designations have been followed by the <quote>™</quote> or the <quote>®</"
"quote> symbol."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: info/releaseinfo
#: article.translate.xml:46
msgid "$FreeBSD$"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: abstract/para
#: article.translate.xml:49
msgid ""
"Congratulations on installing FreeBSD! This introduction is for people new "
"to both FreeBSD <emphasis>and</emphasis> <trademark class="
"\"registered\">UNIX</trademark>—so it starts with basics."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: article.translate.xml:56
msgid "Logging in and Getting Out"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:58
msgid ""
"Log in (when you see <prompt>login:</prompt>) as a user you created during "
"installation or as <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem>. (Your "
"FreeBSD installation will already have an account for <systemitem class="
"\"username\">root</systemitem>; who can go anywhere and do anything, "
"including deleting essential files, so be careful!) The symbols <prompt>%</"
"prompt> and <prompt>#</prompt> in the following stand for the prompt (yours "
"may be different), with <prompt>%</prompt> indicating an ordinary user and "
"<prompt>#</prompt> indicating <systemitem class=\"username\">root</"
"systemitem>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:67
msgid "To log out (and get a new <prompt>login:</prompt> prompt) type"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: informalexample/screen
#: article.translate.xml:71
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>exit</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:74
msgid ""
"as often as necessary. Yes, press <keysym>enter</keysym> after commands, and "
"remember that <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> is case-"
"sensitive—<command>exit</command>, not <command>EXIT</command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:79
msgid "To shut down the machine type"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: informalexample/screen
#: article.translate.xml:82
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>/sbin/shutdown -h now</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:85
msgid "Or to reboot type"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: informalexample/screen
#: article.translate.xml:88
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>/sbin/shutdown -r now</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:91
msgid "or"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: informalexample/screen
#: article.translate.xml:94
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>/sbin/reboot</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:97
msgid ""
"You can also reboot with <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</"
"keycap><keycap>Delete</keycap></keycombo>. Give it a little time to do its "
"work. This is equivalent to <command>/sbin/reboot</command> in recent "
"releases of FreeBSD and is much, much better than hitting the reset button. "
"You do not want to have to reinstall this thing, do you?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: article.translate.xml:106
msgid "Adding a User with Root Privileges"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:108
msgid ""
"If you did not create any users when you installed the system and are thus "
"logged in as <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem>, you should "
"probably create a user now with"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: informalexample/screen
#: article.translate.xml:113
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>adduser</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:116
msgid ""
"The first time you use <command>adduser</command>, it might ask for some "
"defaults to save. You might want to make the default shell "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>csh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> instead of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, if it suggests "
"<command>sh</command> as the default. Otherwise just press enter to accept "
"each default. These defaults are saved in <filename>/etc/adduser.conf</"
"filename>, an editable file."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:123
msgid ""
"Suppose you create a user <systemitem class=\"username\">jack</systemitem> "
"with full name <emphasis>Jack Benimble</emphasis>. Give <systemitem class="
"\"username\">jack</systemitem> a password if security (even kids around who "
"might pound on the keyboard) is an issue. When it asks you if you want to "
"invite <systemitem class=\"username\">jack</systemitem> into other groups, "
"type <systemitem class=\"groupname\">wheel</systemitem>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: informalexample/screen
#: article.translate.xml:130
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Login group is ``jack''. Invite jack into other groups: <userinput>wheel</"
"userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:133
msgid ""
"This will make it possible to log in as <systemitem class=\"username\">jack</"
"systemitem> and use the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command to become "
"<systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem>. Then you will not get "
"scolded any more for logging in as <systemitem class=\"username\">root</"
"systemitem>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:137
msgid ""
"You can quit <command>adduser</command> any time by typing "
"<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo>, and at the end "
"you will have a chance to approve your new user or simply type <keycap>n</"
"keycap> for no. You might want to create a second new user so that when you "
"edit <systemitem class=\"username\">jack</systemitem>'s login files, you "
"will have a hot spare in case something goes wrong."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:144
msgid ""
"Once you have done this, use <command>exit</command> to get back to a login "
"prompt and log in as <systemitem class=\"username\">jack</systemitem>. In "
"general, it is a good idea to do as much work as possible as an ordinary "
"user who does not have the power—and risk—of <systemitem class="
"\"username\">root</systemitem>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:149
msgid ""
"If you already created a user and you want the user to be able to "
"<command>su</command> to <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem>, "
"you can log in as <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> and edit "
"the file <filename>/etc/group</filename>, adding <systemitem class="
"\"username\">jack</systemitem> to the first line (the group <systemitem "
"class=\"groupname\">wheel</systemitem>). But first you need to practice "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, the text editor—or use the simpler text editor, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ee</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, installed on recent versions of FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:158
msgid "To delete a user, use <command>rmuser</command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: article.translate.xml:162
msgid "Looking Around"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:164
msgid ""
"Logged in as an ordinary user, look around and try out some commands that "
"will access the sources of help and information within FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:168
msgid "Here are some commands and what they do:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:172
msgid "<command>id</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:175
msgid "Tells you who you are!"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:180
msgid "<command>pwd</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:183
msgid "Shows you where you are—the current working directory."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:189
msgid "<command>ls</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:192
msgid "Lists the files in the current directory."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:197
msgid "<command>ls -F</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:200
msgid ""
"Lists the files in the current directory with a <literal>*</literal> after "
"executables, a <literal>/</literal> after directories, and an <literal>@</"
"literal> after symbolic links."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:208
msgid "<command>ls -l</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:211
msgid "Lists the files in long format—size, date, permissions."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:217
msgid "<command>ls -a</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:220
msgid ""
"Lists hidden <quote>dot</quote> files with the others. If you are "
"<systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem>, the <quote>dot</quote> "
"files show up without the <option>-a</option> switch."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:228
msgid "<command>cd</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:231
msgid ""
"Changes directories. <command>cd ..</command> backs up one level; note the "
"space after <command>cd</command>. <command>cd /usr/local</command> goes "
"there. <command>cd ~</command> goes to the home directory of the person "
"logged in—e.g., <filename>/usr/home/jack</filename>. Try <command>cd /cdrom</"
"command>, and then <command>ls</command>, to find out if your CDROM is "
"mounted and working."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:243
msgid "<command>less <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:247
msgid ""
"Lets you look at a file (named <replaceable>filename</replaceable>) without "
"changing it. Try <command>less /etc/fstab</command>. Type <command>q</"
"command> to quit."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:255
msgid "<command>cat <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:259
msgid ""
"Displays <replaceable>filename</replaceable> on screen. If it is too long "
"and you can see only the end of it, press <keycap>ScrollLock</keycap> and "
"use the <keycap>up-arrow</keycap> to move backward; you can use "
"<keycap>ScrollLock</keycap> with manual pages too. Press <keycap>ScrollLock</"
"keycap> again to quit scrolling. You might want to try <command>cat</"
"command> on some of the dot files in your home directory—<command>cat ."
"cshrc</command>, <command>cat .login</command>, <command>cat .profile</"
"command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:274
msgid ""
"You will notice aliases in <filename>.cshrc</filename> for some of the "
"<command>ls</command> commands (they are very convenient). You can create "
"other aliases by editing <filename>.cshrc</filename>. You can make these "
"aliases available to all users on the system by putting them in the system-"
"wide <command>csh</command> configuration file, <filename>/etc/csh.cshrc</"
"filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: article.translate.xml:284
msgid "Getting Help and Information"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:286
msgid ""
"Here are some useful sources of help. <replaceable>Text</replaceable> stands "
"for something of your choice that you type in—usually a command or filename."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:293
msgid "<command>apropos <replaceable>text</replaceable></command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:297
msgid ""
"Everything containing string <replaceable>text</replaceable> in the "
"<database>whatis database</database>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:304
msgid "<command>man <replaceable>text</replaceable></command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:308
msgid ""
"The manual page for <replaceable>text</replaceable>. The major source of "
"documentation for <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> systems. "
"<command>man ls</command> will tell you all the ways to use <command>ls</"
"command>. Press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to move through text, "
"<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>B</keycap></keycombo> to go back a "
"page, <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>F</keycap></keycombo> to go "
"forward, <keycap>q</keycap> or <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</"
"keycap></keycombo> to quit."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:323
msgid "<command>which <replaceable>text</replaceable></command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:327
msgid ""
"Tells you where in the user's path the command <replaceable>text</"
"replaceable> is found."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:333
msgid "<command>locate <replaceable>text</replaceable></command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:337
msgid ""
"All the paths where the string <replaceable>text</replaceable> is found."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:343
msgid "<command>whatis <replaceable>text</replaceable></command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:347
msgid ""
"Tells you what the command <replaceable>text</replaceable> does and its "
"manual page. Typing <command>whatis *</command> will tell you about all the "
"binaries in the current directory."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:355
msgid "<command>whereis <replaceable>text</replaceable></command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:359
msgid "Finds the file <replaceable>text</replaceable>, giving its full path."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:365
msgid ""
"You might want to try using <command>whatis</command> on some common useful "
"commands like <command>cat</command>, <command>more</command>, "
"<command>grep</command>, <command>mv</command>, <command>find</command>, "
"<command>tar</command>, <command>chmod</command>, <command>chown</command>, "
"<command>date</command>, and <command>script</command>. <command>more</"
"command> lets you read a page at a time as it does in DOS, e.g., <command>ls "
"-l | more</command> or <command>more <replaceable>filename</replaceable></"
"command>. The <literal>*</literal> works as a wildcard—e.g., <command>ls w*</"
"command> will show you files beginning with <literal>w</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:379
msgid ""
"Are some of these not working very well? Both "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>locate</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>whatis</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> depend on a database "
"that is rebuilt weekly. If your machine is not going to be left on over the "
"weekend (and running FreeBSD), you might want to run the commands for daily, "
"weekly, and monthly maintenance now and then. Run them as <systemitem class="
"\"username\">root</systemitem> and, for now, give each one time to finish "
"before you start the next one."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: informalexample/screen
#: article.translate.xml:388
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>periodic daily</userinput>\n"
"<lineannotation>output omitted</lineannotation>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>periodic weekly</userinput>\n"
"<lineannotation>output omitted</lineannotation>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>periodic monthly</userinput>\n"
"<lineannotation>output omitted</lineannotation>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:396
msgid ""
"If you get tired of waiting, press <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</"
"keycap></keycombo> to get another <firstterm>virtual console</firstterm>, "
"and log in again. After all, it is a multi-user, multi-tasking system. "
"Nevertheless these commands will probably flash messages on your screen "
"while they are running; you can type <command>clear</command> at the prompt "
"to clear the screen. Once they have run, you might want to look at "
"<filename>/var/mail/root</filename> and <filename>/var/log/messages</"
"filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:407
msgid ""
"Running such commands is part of system administration—and as a single user "
"of a <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> system, you are your "
"own system administrator. Virtually everything you need to be <systemitem "
"class=\"username\">root</systemitem> to do is system administration. Such "
"responsibilities are not covered very well even in those big fat books on "
"<trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark>, which seem to devote a lot "
"of space to pulling down menus in windows managers. You might want to get "
"one of the two leading books on systems administration, either Evi Nemeth et."
"al.'s <citetitle>UNIX System Administration Handbook</citetitle> (Prentice-"
"Hall, 1995, ISBN 0-13-15051-7)—the second edition with the red cover; or "
"Æleen Frisch's <citetitle>Essential System Administration</citetitle> "
"(O'Reilly &amp; Associates, 2002, ISBN 0-596-00343-9). I used Nemeth."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: article.translate.xml:424
msgid "Editing Text"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:426
msgid ""
"To configure your system, you need to edit text files. Most of them will be "
"in the <filename>/etc</filename> directory; and you will need to "
"<command>su</command> to <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> to "
"be able to change them. You can use the easy <command>ee</command>, but in "
"the long run the text editor <command>vi</command> is worth learning. There "
"is an excellent tutorial on vi in <filename>/usr/src/contrib/nvi/docs/"
"tutorial</filename>, if you have the system sources installed."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:435
msgid ""
"Before you edit a file, you should probably back it up. Suppose you want to "
"edit <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. You could just use <command>cd /etc</"
"command> to get to the <filename>/etc</filename> directory and do:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: informalexample/screen
#: article.translate.xml:441
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>cp rc.conf rc.conf.orig</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:444
msgid ""
"This would copy <filename>rc.conf</filename> to <filename>rc.conf.orig</"
"filename>, and you could later copy <filename>rc.conf.orig</filename> to "
"<filename>rc.conf</filename> to recover the original. But even better would "
"be moving (renaming) and then copying back:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: informalexample/screen
#: article.translate.xml:451
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mv rc.conf rc.conf.orig</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>cp rc.conf.orig rc.conf</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:455
msgid ""
"because <command>mv</command> preserves the original date and owner of the "
"file. You can now edit <filename>rc.conf</filename>. If you want the "
"original back, you would then <userinput>mv rc.conf rc.conf.myedit</"
"userinput> (assuming you want to preserve your edited version) and then"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: informalexample/screen
#: article.translate.xml:463
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mv rc.conf.orig rc.conf</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:466
msgid "to put things back the way they were."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:468
msgid "To edit a file, type"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: informalexample/screen
#: article.translate.xml:471
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>vi <replaceable>filename</replaceable></"
"userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:474
msgid ""
"Move through the text with the arrow keys. <keycap>Esc</keycap> (the escape "
"key) puts <command>vi</command> in command mode. Here are some commands:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:480
msgid "<command>x</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:483
msgid "delete letter the cursor is on"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:488
msgid "<command>dd</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:491
msgid "delete the entire line (even if it wraps on the screen)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:497
msgid "<command>i</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:500
msgid "insert text at the cursor"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:505
msgid "<command>a</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:508
msgid "insert text after the cursor"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:513
msgid ""
"Once you type <command>i</command> or <command>a</command>, you can enter "
"text. <command>Esc</command> puts you back in command mode where you can "
"type"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:519
msgid "<command>:w</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:522
msgid "to write your changes to disk and continue editing"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:528
msgid "<command>:wq</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:531
msgid "to write and quit"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:536
msgid "<command>:q!</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:539
msgid "to quit without saving changes"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:544
msgid "<command>/<replaceable>text</replaceable></command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:547
msgid ""
"to move the cursor to <replaceable>text</replaceable>; <command>/</"
"command><keycap>Enter</keycap> (the enter key) to find the next instance of "
"<replaceable>text</replaceable>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:555
msgid "<command>G</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:558
msgid "to go to the end of the file"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:563
msgid "<command><replaceable>n</replaceable>G</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:566
msgid ""
"to go to line <replaceable>n</replaceable> in the file, where "
"<replaceable>n</replaceable> is a number"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:573
msgid "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>L</keycap></keycombo>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:576
msgid "to redraw the screen"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:581
msgid ""
"<keycombo> <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> <keycap>b</keycap> </keycombo> and "
"<keycombo> <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> <keycap>f</keycap> </keycombo>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:594
msgid ""
"go back and forward a screen, as they do with <command>more</command> and "
"<command>view</command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:601
msgid ""
"Practice with <command>vi</command> in your home directory by creating a new "
"file with <command>vi <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command> and "
"adding and deleting text, saving the file, and calling it up again. "
"<command>vi</command> delivers some surprises because it is really quite "
"complex, and sometimes you will inadvertently issue a command that will do "
"something you do not expect. (Some people actually like <command>vi</"
"command>—it is more powerful than DOS EDIT—find out about <command>:r</"
"command>.) Use <keycap>Esc</keycap> one or more times to be sure you are in "
"command mode and proceed from there when it gives you trouble, save often "
"with <command>:w</command>, and use <command>:q!</command> to get out and "
"start over (from your last <command>:w</command>) when you need to."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:617
msgid ""
"Now you can <command>cd</command> to <filename>/etc</filename>, <command>su</"
"command> to <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem>, use "
"<command>vi</command> to edit the file <filename>/etc/group</filename>, and "
"add a user to <systemitem class=\"groupname\">wheel</systemitem> so the user "
"has root privileges. Just add a comma and the user's login name to the end "
"of the first line in the file, press <keycap>Esc</keycap>, and use <command>:"
"wq</command> to write the file to disk and quit. Instantly effective. (You "
"did not put a space after the comma, did you?)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: article.translate.xml:629
msgid "Other Useful Commands"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:633
msgid "<command>df</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:636
msgid "shows file space and mounted systems."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:641
msgid "<command>ps aux</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:644
msgid "shows processes running. <command>ps ax</command> is a narrower form."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:650
msgid "<command>rm <replaceable>filename</replaceable> </command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:657
msgid "remove <replaceable>filename</replaceable>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:662
msgid "<command>rm -R <replaceable>dir</replaceable> </command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:669
msgid ""
"removes a directory <replaceable>dir</replaceable> and all "
"subdirectories—careful!"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:675
msgid "<command>ls -R</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:678
msgid ""
"lists files in the current directory and all subdirectories; I used a "
"variant, <command>ls -AFR &gt; where.txt</command>, to get a list of all the "
"files in <filename>/</filename> and (separately) <filename>/usr</filename> "
"before I found better ways to find files."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:688
msgid "<command>passwd</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:691
msgid ""
"to change user's password (or <systemitem class=\"username\">root</"
"systemitem>'s password)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:696
msgid "<command>man hier</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:699
msgid ""
"manual page on the <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> "
"filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:704
msgid ""
"Use <command>find</command> to locate <filename>filename</filename> in "
"<filename>/usr</filename> or any of its subdirectories with"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: informalexample/screen
#: article.translate.xml:709
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>find /usr -name \"<replaceable>filename</"
"replaceable>\"</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:712
msgid ""
"You can use <literal>*</literal> as a wildcard in "
"<parameter>\"<replaceable>filename</replaceable>\"</parameter> (which should "
"be in quotes). If you tell <command>find</command> to search in <filename>/</"
"filename> instead of <filename>/usr</filename> it will look for the file(s) "
"on all mounted filesystems, including the CDROM and the DOS partition."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:720
msgid ""
"An excellent book that explains <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</"
"trademark> commands and utilities is Abrahams &amp; Larson, <citetitle>Unix "
"for the Impatient</citetitle> (2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, 1996). There is also "
"a lot of <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> information on the "
"Internet."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: article.translate.xml:727
msgid "Next Steps"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:729
msgid ""
"You should now have the tools you need to get around and edit files, so you "
"can get everything up and running. There is a great deal of information in "
"the FreeBSD handbook (which is probably on your hard drive) and <link xlink:"
"href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/index.html\">FreeBSD's web site</link>. A wide "
"variety of packages and ports are on the CDROM as well as the web site. The "
"handbook tells you more about how to use them (get the package if it exists, "
"with <command>pkg add <replaceable>packagename</replaceable></command>, "
"where <replaceable>packagename</replaceable> is the filename of the package)."
" The CDROM has lists of the packages and ports with brief descriptions in "
"<filename>cdrom/packages/index</filename>, <filename>cdrom/packages/index."
"txt</filename>, and <filename>cdrom/ports/index</filename>, with fuller "
"descriptions in <filename>/cdrom/ports/*/*/pkg/DESCR</filename>, where the "
"<literal>*</literal>s represent subdirectories of kinds of programs and "
"program names respectively."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:746
msgid ""
"If you find the handbook too sophisticated (what with <command>lndir</"
"command> and all) on installing ports from the CDROM, here is what usually "
"works:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:750
msgid ""
"Find the port you want, say <command>kermit</command>. There will be a "
"directory for it on the CDROM. Copy the subdirectory to <filename>/usr/"
"local</filename> (a good place for software you add that should be available "
"to all users) with:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: informalexample/screen
#: article.translate.xml:757
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>cp -R /cdrom/ports/comm/kermit /usr/local</"
"userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:760
msgid ""
"This should result in a <filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename> subdirectory "
"that has all the files that the <command>kermit</command> subdirectory on "
"the CDROM has."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:765
msgid ""
"Next, create the directory <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> if it "
"does not already exist using <command>mkdir</command>. Now check <filename>/"
"cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename> for a file with a name that indicates it is "
"the port you want. Copy that file to <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</"
"filename>; in recent versions you can skip this step, as FreeBSD will do it "
"for you. In the case of <command>kermit</command>, there is no distfile."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:774
msgid ""
"Then <command>cd</command> to the subdirectory of <filename>/usr/local/"
"kermit</filename> that has the file <filename>Makefile</filename>. Type"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: informalexample/screen
#: article.translate.xml:779
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>make all install</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:782
msgid ""
"During this process the port will FTP to get any compressed files it needs "
"that it did not find on the CDROM or in <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</"
"filename>. If you do not have your network running yet and there was no file "
"for the port in <filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename>, you will have "
"to get the distfile using another machine and copy it to <filename>/usr/"
"ports/distfiles</filename>. Read <filename>Makefile</filename> (with "
"<command>cat</command> or <command>more</command> or <command>view</"
"command>) to find out where to go (the master distribution site) to get the "
"file and what its name is. (Use binary file transfers!) Then go back to "
"<filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename>, find the directory with "
"<filename>Makefile</filename>, and type <command>make all install</command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: article.translate.xml:800
msgid "Your Working Environment"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:802
msgid ""
"Your shell is the most important part of your working environment. The shell "
"is what interprets the commands you type on the command line, and thus "
"communicates with the rest of the operating system. You can also write shell "
"scripts a series of commands to be run without intervention."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:809
msgid ""
"Two shells come installed with FreeBSD: <command>csh</command> and "
"<command>sh</command>. <command>csh</command> is good for command-line work, "
"but scripts should be written with <command>sh</command> (or <command>bash</"
"command>). You can find out what shell you have by typing <command>echo "
"$SHELL</command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:816
msgid ""
"The <command>csh</command> shell is okay, but <command>tcsh</command> does "
"everything <command>csh</command> does and more. It allows you to recall "
"commands with the arrow keys and edit them. It has tab-key completion of "
"filenames (<command>csh</command> uses <keycap>Esc</keycap>), and it lets "
"you switch to the directory you were last in with <command>cd -</command>. "
"It is also much easier to alter your prompt with <command>tcsh</command>. It "
"makes life a lot easier."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:826
msgid "Here are the three steps for installing a new shell:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/para
#: article.translate.xml:830
msgid ""
"Install the shell as a port or a package, just as you would any other port "
"or package."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/para
#: article.translate.xml:835
msgid ""
"Use <command>chsh</command> to change your shell to <command>tcsh</command> "
"permanently, or type <command>tcsh</command> at the prompt to change your "
"shell without logging in again."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: note/para
#: article.translate.xml:843
msgid ""
"It can be dangerous to change <systemitem class=\"username\">root</"
"systemitem>'s shell to something other than <command>sh</command> or "
"<command>csh</command> on early versions of FreeBSD and many other versions "
"of <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark>; you may not have a "
"working shell when the system puts you into single user mode. The solution "
"is to use <command>su -m</command> to become <systemitem class="
"\"username\">root</systemitem>, which will give you the <command>tcsh</"
"command> as <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem>, because the "
"shell is part of the environment. You can make this permanent by adding it "
"to your <filename>.tcshrc</filename> as an alias with:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: note/programlisting
#: article.translate.xml:854
#, no-wrap
msgid "alias su su -m"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:857
msgid ""
"When <command>tcsh</command> starts up, it will read the <filename>/etc/csh."
"cshrc</filename> and <filename>/etc/csh.login</filename> files, as does "
"<command>csh</command>. It will also read <filename>.login</filename> in "
"your home directory and <filename>.cshrc</filename> as well, unless you "
"provide a <filename>.tcshrc</filename>. This you can do by simply copying "
"<filename>.cshrc</filename> to <filename>.tcshrc</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:867
msgid ""
"Now that you have installed <command>tcsh</command>, you can adjust your "
"prompt. You can find the details in the manual page for <command>tcsh</"
"command>, but here is a line to put in your <filename>.tcshrc</filename> "
"that will tell you how many commands you have typed, what time it is, and "
"what directory you are in. It also produces a <literal>&gt;</literal> if you "
"are an ordinary user and a <literal>#</literal> if you are <systemitem class="
"\"username\">root</systemitem>, but tsch will do that in any case:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:877
msgid "set prompt = \"%h %t %~ %# \""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:879
msgid ""
"This should go in the same place as the existing set prompt line if there is "
"one, or under \"if($?prompt) then\" if not. Comment out the old line; you "
"can always switch back to it if you prefer it. Do not forget the spaces and "
"quotes. You can get the <filename>.tcshrc</filename> reread by typing "
"<command>source .tcshrc</command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:886
msgid ""
"You can get a listing of other environmental variables that have been set by "
"typing <command>env</command> at the prompt. The result will show you your "
"default editor, pager, and terminal type, among possibly many others. A "
"useful command if you log in from a remote location and cannot run a program "
"because the terminal is not capable is <command>setenv TERM vt100</command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: article.translate.xml:896
msgid "Other"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:898
msgid ""
"As <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem>, you can unmount the "
"CDROM with <command>/sbin/umount /cdrom</command>, take it out of the drive, "
"insert another one, and mount it with <command>/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0a /"
"cdrom</command> assuming <hardware>cd0a</hardware> is the device name for "
"your CDROM drive. The most recent versions of FreeBSD let you mount the "
"CDROM with just <command>/sbin/mount /cdrom</command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:906
msgid ""
"Using the live filesystem—the second of FreeBSD's CDROM disks—is useful if "
"you have got limited space. What is on the live filesystem varies from "
"release to release. You might try playing games from the CDROM. This "
"involves using <command>lndir</command>, which gets installed with the X "
"Window System, to tell the program(s) where to find the necessary files, "
"because they are in <filename>/cdrom</filename> instead of in <filename>/"
"usr</filename> and its subdirectories, which is where they are expected to "
"be. Read <command>man lndir</command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: article.translate.xml:919
msgid "Comments Welcome"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:921
msgid ""
"If you use this guide I would be interested in knowing where it was unclear "
"and what was left out that you think should be included, and if it was "
"helpful. My thanks to Eugene W. Stark, professor of computer science at SUNY-"
"Stony Brook, and John Fieber for helpful comments."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:927
msgid "Annelise Anderson, <email>andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu</email>"
msgstr ""