#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-12-08 14:49-0200\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#. Put one translator per line, in the form NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2
msgctxt "_"
msgid "translator-credits"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: info/title
#: book.translate.xml:19
msgid ""
"Frequently Asked Questions for FreeBSD 10.<replaceable>X</replaceable> and "
"11.<replaceable>X</replaceable>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: info/author
#: book.translate.xml:22
msgid "<orgname>The FreeBSD Documentation Project</orgname>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: info/copyright
#: book.translate.xml:24
msgid ""
"<year>1995</year> <year>1996</year> <year>1997</year> <year>1998</year> "
"<year>1999</year> <year>2000</year> <year>2001</year> <year>2002</year> "
"<year>2003</year> <year>2004</year> <year>2005</year> <year>2006</year> "
"<year>2007</year> <year>2008</year> <year>2009</year> <year>2010</year> "
"<year>2011</year> <year>2012</year> <year>2013</year> <year>2014</year> "
"<year>2015</year> <year>2016</year> <year>2017</year> <year>2018</year> "
"<holder>The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/title
#: book.translate.xml:55
msgid "Copyright"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: book.translate.xml:57
msgid ""
"Redistribution and use in source (XML DocBook) and 'compiled' forms (XML, "
"HTML, PDF, PostScript, RTF and so forth) with or without modification, are "
"permitted provided that the following conditions are met:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:64
msgid ""
"Redistributions of source code (XML DocBook) must retain the above copyright "
"notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer as the first "
"lines of this file unmodified."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:70
msgid ""
"Redistributions in compiled form (transformed to other DTDs, converted to "
"PDF, PostScript, RTF and other formats) must reproduce the above copyright "
"notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the "
"documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: important/para
#: book.translate.xml:79
msgid ""
"THIS DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED BY THE FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT \"AS "
"IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, "
"THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR "
"PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT "
"BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR "
"CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF "
"SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS "
"INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN "
"CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) "
"ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF ADVISED OF "
"THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: book.translate.xml:96
msgid "FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: book.translate.xml:98
msgid ""
"Adobe, Acrobat, Acrobat Reader, Flash and PostScript are either registered "
"trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States "
"and/or other countries."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: book.translate.xml:102
msgid ""
"IBM, AIX, OS/2, PowerPC, PS/2, S/390, and ThinkPad are trademarks of "
"International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other "
"countries, or both."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: book.translate.xml:106
msgid ""
"IEEE, POSIX, and 802 are registered trademarks of Institute of Electrical "
"and Electronics Engineers, Inc. in the United States."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: book.translate.xml:109
msgid ""
"Intel, Celeron, Centrino, Core, EtherExpress, i386, i486, Itanium, Pentium, "
"and Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its "
"subsidiaries in the United States and other countries."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: book.translate.xml:113
msgid "Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: book.translate.xml:115
msgid ""
"Microsoft, IntelliMouse, MS-DOS, Outlook, Windows, Windows Media and Windows "
"NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation "
"in the United States and/or other countries."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: book.translate.xml:119
msgid "NetBSD is a registered trademark of the NetBSD Foundation."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: book.translate.xml:121
msgid ""
"Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are registered trademarks and IT DialTone and The "
"Open Group are trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other "
"countries."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: book.translate.xml:125
msgid ""
"Silicon Graphics, SGI, and OpenGL are registered trademarks of Silicon "
"Graphics, Inc., in the United States and/or other countries worldwide."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: book.translate.xml:128
msgid ""
"Sun, Sun Microsystems, Java, Java Virtual Machine, JDK, JRE, JSP, JVM, "
"Netra, OpenJDK, Solaris, StarOffice, SunOS and VirtualBox are trademarks or "
"registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and "
"other countries."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: book.translate.xml:133
msgid ""
"Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish "
"their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in "
"this document, and the FreeBSD Project was aware of the trademark claim, the "
"designations have been followed by the <quote>™</quote> or the <quote>®</"
"quote> symbol."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: info/releaseinfo
#: book.translate.xml:141
msgid ""
"$FreeBSD: head/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.xml 52497 2018-11-18 11:08:58Z "
"bcr $"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: abstract/para
#: book.translate.xml:144
msgid ""
"This is the Frequently Asked Questions <acronym>(FAQ)</acronym> for FreeBSD "
"versions 10.<replaceable>X</replaceable> and 11.<replaceable>X</replaceable>."
" Every effort has been made to make this <acronym>FAQ</acronym> as "
"informative as possible; if you have any suggestions as to how it may be "
"improved, send them to the <link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/"
"mailman/listinfo/freebsd-doc\">FreeBSD documentation project mailing list</"
"link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: abstract/para
#: book.translate.xml:151
msgid ""
"The latest version of this document is always available from the <link xlink:"
"href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/index."
"html\">FreeBSD website</link>. It may also be downloaded as one large <link "
"xlink:href=\"book.html\">HTML</link> file with HTTP or as a variety of other "
"formats from the <link xlink:href=\"https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/doc/"
"\">FreeBSD FTP server</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:161
msgid "Introduction"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:166
msgid "What is FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:170
msgid ""
"FreeBSD is a modern operating system for desktops, laptops, servers, and "
"embedded systems with support for a large number of <link xlink:href=\"https:"
"//www.FreeBSD.org/platforms/\">platforms</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:174
msgid ""
"It is based on U.C. Berkeley's <quote>4.4BSD-Lite</quote> release, with some "
"<quote>4.4BSD-Lite2</quote> enhancements. It is also based indirectly on "
"William Jolitz's port of U.C. Berkeley's <quote>Net/2</quote> to the "
"<trademark>i386</trademark>, known as <quote>386BSD</quote>, though very "
"little of the 386BSD code remains."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:182
msgid ""
"FreeBSD is used by companies, Internet Service Providers, researchers, "
"computer professionals, students and home users all over the world in their "
"work, education and recreation."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:187
msgid ""
"For more detailed information on FreeBSD, refer to the <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/index.html\">FreeBSD "
"Handbook</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:195
msgid "What is the goal of the FreeBSD Project?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:199
msgid ""
"The goal of the FreeBSD Project is to provide a stable and fast general "
"purpose operating system that may be used for any purpose without strings "
"attached."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:207
msgid "Does the FreeBSD license have any restrictions?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:211
msgid ""
"Yes. Those restrictions do not control how the code is used, but how to "
"treat the FreeBSD Project itself. The license itself is available at <link "
"xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/freebsd-license."
"html\">license</link> and can be summarized like this:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:219
msgid "Do not claim that you wrote this."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:223
msgid "Do not sue us if it breaks."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:227
msgid "Do not remove or modify the license."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:231
msgid ""
"Many of us have a significant investment in the project and would certainly "
"not mind a little financial compensation now and then, but we definitely do "
"not insist on it. We believe that our first and foremost <quote>mission</"
"quote> is to provide code to any and all comers, and for whatever purpose, "
"so that the code gets the widest possible use and provides the widest "
"possible benefit. This, we believe, is one of the most fundamental goals of "
"Free Software and one that we enthusiastically support."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:242
msgid ""
"Code in our source tree which falls under the <link xlink:href=\"https://www."
"FreeBSD.org/copyright/COPYING\">GNU General Public License (GPL)</link> or "
"<link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/COPYING.LIB\">GNU "
"Library General Public License (LGPL)</link> comes with slightly more "
"strings attached, though at least on the side of enforced access rather than "
"the usual opposite. Due to the additional complexities that can evolve in "
"the commercial use of GPL software, we do, however, endeavor to replace such "
"software with submissions under the more relaxed <link xlink:href=\"https://"
"www.FreeBSD.org/copyright/freebsd-license.html\">FreeBSD license</link> "
"whenever possible."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:257
msgid "Can FreeBSD replace my current operating system?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:261
msgid ""
"For most people, yes. But this question is not quite that cut-and-dried."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:264
msgid ""
"Most people do not actually use an operating system. They use applications. "
"The applications are what really use the operating system. FreeBSD is "
"designed to provide a robust and full-featured environment for applications. "
"It supports a wide variety of web browsers, office suites, email readers, "
"graphics programs, programming environments, network servers, and much more. "
"Most of these applications can be managed through the <link xlink:href="
"\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/\">Ports Collection</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:275
msgid ""
"If an application is only available on one operating system, that operating "
"system cannot just be replaced. Chances are, there is a very similar "
"application on FreeBSD, however. As a solid office or Internet server or a "
"reliable workstation, FreeBSD will almost certainly do everything you need. "
"Many computer users across the world, including both novices and experienced "
"<trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> administrators, use FreeBSD "
"as their only desktop operating system."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:285
msgid ""
"Users migrating to FreeBSD from another <trademark class="
"\"registered\">UNIX</trademark>-like environment will find FreeBSD to be "
"similar. <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</trademark> and <trademark "
"class=\"registered\">Mac OS</trademark> users may be interested in instead "
"using <link xlink:href=\"https://www.trueos.org\">TrueOS</link>, a FreeBSD-"
"based desktop distribution. Non-<trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</"
"trademark> users should expect to invest some additional time learning the "
"<trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> way of doing things. This "
"<acronym>FAQ</acronym> and the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/"
"en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/index.html\">FreeBSD Handbook</link> are "
"excellent places to start."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:299
msgid "Why is it called FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:305
msgid "It may be used free of charge, even by commercial users."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:310
msgid ""
"Full source for the operating system is freely available, and the minimum "
"possible restrictions have been placed upon its use, distribution and "
"incorporation into other work (commercial or non-commercial)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:318
msgid ""
"Anyone who has an improvement or bug fix is free to submit their code and "
"have it added to the source tree (subject to one or two obvious provisions)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:325
msgid ""
"It is worth pointing out that the word <quote>free</quote> is being used in "
"two ways here: one meaning <quote>at no cost</quote> and the other meaning "
"<quote>do whatever you like</quote>. Apart from one or two things you "
"<emphasis>cannot</emphasis> do with the FreeBSD code, for example pretending "
"you wrote it, you can really do whatever you like with it."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:337
msgid ""
"What are the differences between FreeBSD and NetBSD, OpenBSD, and other open "
"source BSD operating systems?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:343
msgid ""
"James Howard wrote a good explanation of the history and differences between "
"the various projects, called <link xlink:href=\"https://jameshoward.us/"
"archive/the-bsd-family-tree/\">The BSD Family Tree</link> which goes a fair "
"way to answering this question. Some of the information is out of date, but "
"the history portion in particular remains accurate."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:350
msgid ""
"Most of the BSDs share patches and code, even today. All of the BSDs have "
"common ancestry."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:353
msgid ""
"The design goals of FreeBSD are described in <xref linkend=\"FreeBSD-goals\"/"
">, above. The design goals of the other most popular BSDs may be summarized "
"as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:359
msgid ""
"OpenBSD aims for operating system security above all else. The OpenBSD team "
"wrote <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>, which have both been "
"ported to FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:366
msgid "NetBSD aims to be easily ported to other hardware platforms."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:371
msgid ""
"DragonFly BSD is a fork of FreeBSD 4.8 that has since developed many "
"interesting features of its own, including the HAMMER file system and "
"support for user-mode <quote>vkernels</quote>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:382
msgid "What is the latest version of FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:386
msgid ""
"At any point in the development of FreeBSD, there can be multiple parallel "
"branches. 11.<replaceable>X</replaceable> releases are made from the "
"<emphasis>11-STABLE</emphasis> branch, and 10.<replaceable>X</replaceable> "
"releases are made from the <emphasis>10-STABLE</emphasis> branch."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:391
msgid ""
"Up until the release of 9.0, the 10.<replaceable>X</replaceable> series was "
"the one known as <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis>. However, as of 12."
"<replaceable>X</replaceable>, the 10.<replaceable>X</replaceable> branch "
"will be designated for an <quote>extended support</quote> status and receive "
"only fixes for major problems, such as security-related fixes."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:402
msgid ""
"Version <link xlink:href=\"ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/"
"i386/11.2-RELEASE/\">11.2</link> is the latest release from the <emphasis>11-"
"STABLE</emphasis> branch; it was released in June 2018. Version <link xlink:"
"href=\"ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/10.4-RELEASE/\">10.4</"
"link> is the latest release from the <emphasis>10-STABLE</emphasis> branch; "
"it was released in October 2017."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:408
msgid ""
"Releases are made <link linkend=\"release-freq\">every few months</link>. "
"While many people stay more up-to-date with the FreeBSD sources (see the "
"questions on <link linkend=\"current\">FreeBSD-CURRENT</link> and <link "
"linkend=\"stable\">FreeBSD-STABLE</link>) than that, doing so is more of a "
"commitment, as the sources are a moving target."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:415
msgid ""
"More information on FreeBSD releases can be found on the <link xlink:href="
"\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/releng/index.html#release-build\">Release "
"Engineering page</link> and in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>release</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:423
msgid "What is <emphasis>FreeBSD-CURRENT</emphasis>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:427
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/"
"current-stable.html#current\">FreeBSD-CURRENT</link> is the development "
"version of the operating system, which will in due course become the new "
"FreeBSD-STABLE branch. As such, it is really only of interest to developers "
"working on the system and die-hard hobbyists. See the <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/current-stable."
"html#current\">relevant section</link> in the <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/index."
"html\">Handbook</link> for details on running <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:436
msgid ""
"Users not familiar with FreeBSD should not use FreeBSD-CURRENT. This branch "
"sometimes evolves quite quickly and due to mistake can be un-buildable at "
"times. People that use FreeBSD-CURRENT are expected to be able to analyze, "
"debug, and report problems."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:442
msgid ""
"FreeBSD <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/snapshots/\">snapshot</link> "
"releases are made based on the current state of the <emphasis>-CURRENT</"
"emphasis> and <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis> branches. The goals behind each "
"snapshot release are:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:450
msgid "To test the latest version of the installation software."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:455
msgid ""
"To give people who would like to run <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> or "
"<emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis> but who do not have the time or bandwidth to "
"follow it on a day-to-day basis an easy way of bootstrapping it onto their "
"systems."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:464
msgid ""
"To preserve a fixed reference point for the code in question, just in case "
"we break something really badly later. (Although Subversion normally "
"prevents anything horrible like this happening.)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:471
msgid ""
"To ensure that all new features and fixes in need of testing have the "
"greatest possible number of potential testers."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:477
msgid ""
"No claims are made that any <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> snapshot can be "
"considered <quote>production quality</quote> for any purpose. If a stable "
"and fully tested system is needed, stick to full releases."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:483
msgid ""
"Snapshot releases are directly available from <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/snapshots/\">snapshot</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:485
msgid ""
"Official snapshots are generated on a regular basis for all actively "
"developed branches."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:492
msgid "What is the <emphasis>FreeBSD-STABLE</emphasis> concept?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:497
msgid ""
"Back when FreeBSD 2.0.5 was released, FreeBSD development branched in two. "
"One branch was named <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-"
"1/books/handbook/current-stable.html#stable\">-STABLE</link>, one <link "
"xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/current-"
"stable.html#current\">-CURRENT</link>. <emphasis>FreeBSD-STABLE</emphasis> "
"is the development branch from which major releases are made. Changes go "
"into this branch at a slower pace and with the general assumption that they "
"have first been tested in FreeBSD-CURRENT. However, at any given time, the "
"sources for FreeBSD-STABLE may or may not be suitable for general use, as it "
"may uncover bugs and corner cases that were not yet found in FreeBSD-CURRENT."
" Users who do not have the resources to perform testing should instead run "
"the most recent release of FreeBSD. <emphasis>FreeBSD-CURRENT</emphasis>, on "
"the other hand, has been one unbroken line since 2.0 was released, leading "
"towards 11.2-RELEASE and beyond. For more detailed information on branches "
"see <quote><link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/"
"releng/release-proc.html#rel-branch\">FreeBSD Release Engineering: Creating "
"the Release Branch</link></quote>, the status of the branches and the "
"upcoming release schedule can be found on the <link xlink:href=\"https://www."
"FreeBSD.org/releng\">Release Engineering Information</link> page."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:519
msgid ""
"11.2-STABLE is the actively developed <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis> branch. "
"The latest release on the 11.2-STABLE branch is 11.2-RELEASE, which was "
"released in June 2018."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:525
msgid ""
"The <emphasis>12-CURRENT</emphasis> branch is the actively developed "
"<emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> branch toward the next generation of FreeBSD. "
"See <link linkend=\"current\">What is FreeBSD-CURRENT?</link> for more "
"information on this branch."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:535
msgid "When are FreeBSD releases made?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:539
msgid ""
"The Release Engineering Team <email>re@FreeBSD.org</email> releases a new "
"major version of FreeBSD about every 18 months and a new minor version about "
"every 8 months, on average. Release dates are announced well in advance, so "
"that the people working on the system know when their projects need to be "
"finished and tested. A testing period precedes each release, to ensure that "
"the addition of new features does not compromise the stability of the "
"release. Many users regard this caution as one of the best things about "
"FreeBSD, even though waiting for all the latest goodies to reach <emphasis>-"
"STABLE</emphasis> can be a little frustrating."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:551
msgid ""
"More information on the release engineering process (including a schedule of "
"upcoming releases) can be found on the <link xlink:href=\"https://www."
"FreeBSD.org/releng/index.html\">release engineering</link> pages on the "
"FreeBSD Web site."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:556
msgid ""
"For people who need or want a little more excitement, binary snapshots are "
"made weekly as discussed above."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:564
msgid "Who is responsible for FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:568
msgid ""
"The key decisions concerning the FreeBSD project, such as the overall "
"direction of the project and who is allowed to add code to the source tree, "
"are made by a <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/administration.html#t-"
"core\">core team</link> of 9 people. There is a much larger team of more "
"than 350 <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/"
"contributors/article.html#staff-committers\">committers</link> who are "
"authorized to make changes directly to the FreeBSD source tree."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:576
msgid ""
"However, most non-trivial changes are discussed in advance in the <link "
"linkend=\"mailing\">mailing lists</link>, and there are no restrictions on "
"who may take part in the discussion."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:585
msgid "Where can I get FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:589
msgid ""
"Every significant release of FreeBSD is available via anonymous FTP from the "
"<link xlink:href=\"ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/\">FreeBSD FTP site</"
"link>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:595
msgid ""
"The latest <emphasis>11-STABLE</emphasis> release, 11.2-RELEASE can be found "
"in the <link xlink:href=\"ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/"
"i386/11.2-RELEASE/\">11.2-RELEASE directory</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:601
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/snapshots/\">Snapshot</link> releases "
"are made monthly for the <link linkend=\"current\">-CURRENT</link> and <link "
"linkend=\"stable\">-STABLE</link> branch, these being of service purely to "
"bleeding-edge testers and developers."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:608
msgid ""
"The latest <emphasis>10-STABLE</emphasis> release, 10.4-RELEASE can be found "
"in the <link xlink:href=\"ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/10."
"4-RELEASE/\">10.4-RELEASE directory</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:614
msgid ""
"Information about obtaining FreeBSD on CD, DVD, and other media can be found "
"in <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/"
"mirrors.html\">the Handbook</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:622
msgid "How do I access the Problem Report database?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:626
msgid ""
"The Problem Report database of all user change requests may be queried by "
"using our web-based PR <link xlink:href=\"https://bugs.FreeBSD.org/search/"
"\">query</link> interface."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:630
msgid ""
"The <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/support/bugreports.html\">web-based "
"problem report submission interface</link> can be used to submit problem "
"reports through a web browser."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:634
msgid ""
"Before submitting a problem report, read <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/problem-reports/article."
"html\">Writing FreeBSD Problem Reports</link>, an article on how to write "
"good problem reports."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:643
msgid "Documentation and Support"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:648
msgid "What good books are there about FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:652
msgid ""
"The project produces a wide range of documentation, available online from "
"this link: <uri xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/docs.html\">https://www."
"FreeBSD.org/docs.html</uri>. In addition, the <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/bibliography."
"html\">the bibliography in the Handbook</link> reference other recommended "
"books."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:662
msgid ""
"Is the documentation available in other formats, such as plain text (ASCII), "
"or <trademark class=\"registered\">PostScript</trademark>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:667
msgid ""
"Yes. The documentation is available in a number of different formats and "
"compression schemes on the FreeBSD FTP site, in the <link xlink:href=\"https:"
"//download.freebsd.org/ftp/doc/\">/pub/FreeBSD/doc/</link> directory."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:672
msgid ""
"The documentation is categorized in a number of different ways. These "
"include:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:677
msgid ""
"The document's name, such as <literal>faq</literal>, or <literal>handbook</"
"literal>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:683
msgid ""
"The document's language and encoding. These are based on the locale names "
"found under <filename>/usr/share/locale</filename> on a FreeBSD system. The "
"current languages and encodings are as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:693
msgid "Name"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:695 book.translate.xml:845
msgid "Meaning"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:701
msgid "<literal>en_US.ISO8859-1</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:703
msgid "English (United States)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:707
msgid "<literal>bn_BD.ISO10646-1</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:709
msgid "Bengali or Bangla (Bangladesh)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:713
msgid "<literal>da_DK.ISO8859-1</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:715
msgid "Danish (Denmark)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:719
msgid "<literal>de_DE.ISO8859-1</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:721
msgid "German (Germany)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:725
msgid "<literal>el_GR.ISO8859-7</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:727
msgid "Greek (Greece)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:731
msgid "<literal>es_ES.ISO8859-1</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:733
msgid "Spanish (Spain)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:737
msgid "<literal>fr_FR.ISO8859-1</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:739
msgid "French (France)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:743
msgid "<literal>hu_HU.ISO8859-2</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:745
msgid "Hungarian (Hungary)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:749
msgid "<literal>it_IT.ISO8859-15</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:751
msgid "Italian (Italy)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:755
msgid "<literal>ja_JP.eucJP</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:757
msgid "Japanese (Japan, EUC encoding)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:761
msgid "<literal>ko_KR.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:763
msgid "Korean (Korea, UTF-8 encoding)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:767
msgid "<literal>mn_MN.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:769
msgid "Mongolian (Mongolia, UTF-8 encoding)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:774
msgid "<literal>nl_NL.ISO8859-1</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:776
msgid "Dutch (Netherlands)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:780
msgid "<literal>pl_PL.ISO8859-2</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:782
msgid "Polish (Poland)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:786
msgid "<literal>pt_BR.ISO8859-1</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:788
msgid "Portuguese (Brazil)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:792
msgid "<literal>ru_RU.KOI8-R</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:794
msgid "Russian (Russia, KOI8-R encoding)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:798
msgid "<literal>tr_TR.ISO8859-9</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:800
msgid "Turkish (Turkey)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:804
msgid "<literal>zh_CN.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:806
msgid "Simplified Chinese (China, UTF-8 encoding)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:811
msgid "<literal>zh_TW.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:813
msgid "Traditional Chinese (Taiwan, UTF-8 encoding)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: note/para
#: book.translate.xml:821
msgid "Some documents may not be available in all languages."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:827
msgid ""
"The document's format. We produce the documentation in a number of different "
"output formats. Each format has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some "
"formats are better suited for online reading, while others are meant to be "
"aesthetically pleasing when printed on paper. Having the documentation "
"available in any of these formats ensures that our readers will be able to "
"read the parts they are interested in, either on their monitor, or on paper "
"after printing the documents. The currently available formats are:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:843
msgid "Format"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:851
msgid "<literal>html-split</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:853
msgid "A collection of small, linked, HTML files."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:858
msgid "<literal>html</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:860
msgid "One large HTML file containing the entire document"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:865
msgid "<literal>pdf</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:867
msgid "Adobe's Portable Document Format"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:871
msgid "<literal>ps</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:873
msgid "<trademark class=\"registered\">PostScript</trademark>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:877
msgid "<literal>rtf</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:879
msgid "<trademark class=\"registered\">Microsoft</trademark>'s Rich Text Format"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:883
msgid "<literal>txt</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:885
msgid "Plain text"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: note/para
#: book.translate.xml:892
msgid ""
"Page numbers are not automatically updated when loading Rich Text Format "
"into Word. Press <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>A</"
"keycap></keycombo>, <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Ctrl</"
"keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo>, <keycap>F9</keycap> after loading "
"the document, to update the page numbers."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:901
msgid "The compression and packaging scheme."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:905
msgid ""
"Where the format is <literal>html-split</literal>, the files are bundled up "
"using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>. The resulting <filename>.tar</filename> is then "
"compressed using the compression schemes detailed in the next point."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:914
msgid ""
"All the other formats generate one file. For example, <filename>article.pdf</"
"filename>, <filename>book.html</filename>, and so on."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:919
msgid ""
"These files are then compressed using either the <literal>zip</literal> or "
"<literal>bz2</literal> compression schemes. "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> can be used to uncompress these files."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:925
msgid ""
"So the <trademark class=\"registered\">PostScript</trademark> version of the "
"Handbook, compressed using <literal>bzip2</literal> will be stored in a file "
"called <filename>book.ps.bz2</filename> in the <filename>handbook/</"
"filename> directory."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:935
msgid ""
"After choosing the format and compression mechanism, download the compressed "
"files, uncompress them, and then copy the appropriate documents into place."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:940
msgid ""
"For example, the split HTML version of the <acronym>FAQ</acronym>, "
"compressed using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bzip2</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, can be found in "
"<filename>doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.html-split.tar.bz2</filename> "
"To download and uncompress that file, type:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:946
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>fetch https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/doc/"
"en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.html-split.tar.bz2</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>tar xvf book.html-split.tar.bz2</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:949
msgid ""
"If the file is compressed, <application>tar</application> will automatically "
"detect the appropriate format and decompress it correctly, resulting in a "
"collection of <filename>.html</filename> files. The main one is called "
"<filename>index.html</filename>, which will contain the table of contents, "
"introductory material, and links to the other parts of the document."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:962
msgid ""
"Where do I find info on the FreeBSD mailing lists? What FreeBSD news groups "
"are available?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:967
msgid ""
"Refer to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/"
"handbook/eresources.html#eresources-mail\">Handbook entry on mailing-lists</"
"link> and the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/"
"handbook/eresources-news.html\">Handbook entry on newsgroups</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:975
msgid "Are there FreeBSD IRC (Internet Relay Chat) channels?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:980
msgid "Yes, most major IRC networks host a FreeBSD chat channel:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:985
msgid ""
"Channel <literal>#FreeBSDhelp</literal> on <link xlink:href=\"http://www."
"efnet.org/index.php\">EFNet</link> is a channel dedicated to helping FreeBSD "
"users."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:990
msgid ""
"Channel <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> on <link xlink:href=\"http://freenode."
"net/\">Freenode</link> is a general help channel with many users at any time."
" The conversations have been known to run off-topic for a while, but "
"priority is given to users with FreeBSD questions. Other users can help with "
"the basics, referring to the Handbook whenever possible and providing links "
"for learning more about a particular topic. This is primarily an English "
"speaking channel, though it does have users from all over the world. Non-"
"native English speakers should try to ask the question in English first and "
"then relocate to <literal>##freebsd-lang</literal> as appropriate."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:1006
msgid ""
"Channel <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> on <link xlink:href=\"http://www.dal.net/"
"\">DALNET</link> is available at <systemitem>irc.dal.net</systemitem> in the "
"US and <systemitem>irc.eu.dal.net</systemitem> in Europe."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:1013
msgid ""
"Channel <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> on <link xlink:href=\"http://www."
"undernet.org/\">UNDERNET</link> is available at <systemitem>us.undernet.org</"
"systemitem> in the US and <systemitem>eu.undernet.org</systemitem> in Europe."
" Since it is a help channel, be prepared to read the documents you are "
"referred to."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:1022
msgid ""
"Channel <literal>#FreeBSD</literal> on <link xlink:href=\"http://www.rusnet."
"org.ru/\">RUSNET</link> is a Russian language channel dedicated to helping "
"FreeBSD users. This is also good place for non-technical discussions."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:1029
msgid ""
"Channel <literal>#bsdchat</literal> on <link xlink:href=\"http://freenode."
"net/\">Freenode</link> is a Traditional Chinese (UTF-8 encoding) language "
"channel dedicated to helping FreeBSD users. This is also good place for non-"
"technical discussions."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1037
msgid ""
"The FreeBSD wiki has a <link xlink:href=\"https://wiki.freebsd.org/IRC/"
"Channels\">good list</link> of IRC channels."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1040
msgid ""
"Each of these channels are distinct and are not connected to each other. "
"Since their chat styles differ, try each to find one suited to your chat "
"style."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1049
msgid "Are there any web based forums to discuss FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1052
msgid ""
"The official FreeBSD forums are located at <link xlink:href=\"https://forums."
"FreeBSD.org/\">https://forums.FreeBSD.org/</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1058
msgid "Where can I get commercial FreeBSD training and support?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1063
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"http://www.ixsystems.com\">iXsystems, Inc.</link>, parent "
"company of the <link xlink:href=\"http://www.freebsdmall.com/\">FreeBSD "
"Mall</link>, provides commercial FreeBSD and TrueOS software <link xlink:"
"href=\"http://www.ixsystems.com/support\">support</link>, in addition to "
"FreeBSD development and tuning solutions."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1070
msgid ""
"BSD Certification Group, Inc. provides system administration certifications "
"for DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. Refer to <link xlink:href="
"\"http://www.BSDCertification.org\">their site</link> for more information."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1075
msgid ""
"Any other organizations providing training and support should contact the "
"Project to be listed here."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: info/title
#: book.translate.xml:1084
msgid "Installation"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: affiliation/address
#: book.translate.xml:1092
#, no-wrap
msgid "\n"
"	    <email>nik@FreeBSD.org</email>\n"
"	  "
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: info/author
#: book.translate.xml:1086
msgid ""
"<personname> <firstname>Nik</firstname> <surname>Clayton</surname> </"
"personname> <affiliation> <_:address-1/> </affiliation>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1103
msgid ""
"Which platform should I download? I have a 64 bit capable <trademark class="
"\"registered\">Intel</trademark> CPU, but I only see <literal>amd64</"
"literal>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1109
msgid ""
"amd64 is the term FreeBSD uses for 64-bit compatible x86 architectures (also "
"known as \"x86-64\" or \"x64\"). Most modern computers should use amd64. "
"Older hardware should use i386. When installing on a non-x86-compatible "
"architecture, select the platform which best matches the hardware."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1120
msgid "Which file do I download to get FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1124
msgid ""
"On the <link xlink:href=\"https://www.freebsd.org/where.html\">Getting "
"FreeBSD</link> page, select <literal>[iso]</literal> next to the "
"architecture that matches the hardware."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1128
msgid "Any of the following can be used:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:1134
msgid "file"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:1135
msgid "description"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:1141
msgid "<filename>disc1.iso</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:1142
msgid "Contains enough to install FreeBSD and a minimal set of packages."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:1147
msgid "<filename>dvd1.iso</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:1148
msgid ""
"Similar to <filename>disc1.iso</filename> but with additional packages."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:1153
msgid "<filename>memstick.img</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:1154
msgid "A bootable image sufficient for writing to a USB stick."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:1159
msgid "<filename>bootonly.iso</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:1160
msgid ""
"A minimal image that requires network access during installation to "
"completely install FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1168
msgid ""
"Full instructions on this procedure and a little bit more about installation "
"issues in general can be found in the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/"
"doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/bsdinstall.html\">Handbook entry on "
"installing FreeBSD</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1177
msgid "What do I do if the install image does not boot?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1182
msgid ""
"This can be caused by not downloading the image in <emphasis>binary</"
"emphasis> mode when using <acronym>FTP</acronym>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1186
msgid ""
"Some FTP clients default their transfer mode to <emphasis>ascii</emphasis> "
"and attempt to change any end-of-line characters received to match the "
"conventions used by the client's system. This will almost invariably corrupt "
"the boot image. Check the SHA-256 checksum of the downloaded boot image: if "
"it is not <emphasis>exactly</emphasis> that on the server, then the download "
"process is suspect."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1195
msgid ""
"When using a command line FTP client, type <emphasis>binary</emphasis> at "
"the FTP command prompt after getting connected to the server and before "
"starting the download of the image."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1204
msgid "Where are the instructions for installing FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1208
msgid ""
"Installation instructions can be found at <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/bsdinstall."
"html\">Handbook entry on installing FreeBSD</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1216
msgid "What are the minimum requirements to run FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1220
msgid ""
"FreeBSD requires a 486 or better PC, 64 MB or more of RAM, and at least 1.1 "
"GB of hard disk space."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1228
msgid "How can I make my own custom release or install disk?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1233
msgid ""
"Customized FreeBSD installation media can be created by building a custom "
"release. Follow the instructions in the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/"
"doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/releng/article.html\">Release Engineering</"
"link> article."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1242
msgid ""
"Can <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</trademark> co-exist with "
"FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1246
msgid ""
"If <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</trademark> is installed first, "
"then yes. FreeBSD's boot manager will then manage to boot <trademark class="
"\"registered\">Windows</trademark> and FreeBSD. If <trademark class="
"\"registered\">Windows</trademark> is installed afterwards, it will "
"overwrite the boot manager. If that happens, see the next section."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1256
msgid ""
"Another operating system destroyed my Boot Manager. How do I get it back?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1261
msgid ""
"This depends upon the boot manager. The FreeBSD boot selection menu can be "
"reinstalled using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>boot0cfg</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. For example, to "
"restore the boot menu onto the disk <replaceable>ada0</replaceable>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:1266
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>boot0cfg -B ada0</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1268
msgid ""
"The non-interactive MBR bootloader can be installed using "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpart</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:1271
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>gpart bootcode -b /boot/mbr ada0</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1273
msgid ""
"For more complex situations, including GPT disks, see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpart</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1280
msgid "Do I need to install the source?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1284
msgid ""
"In general, no. There is nothing in the base system which requires the "
"presence of the source to operate. Some ports, like <package>sysutils/lsof</"
"package>, will not build unless the source is installed. In particular, if "
"the port builds a kernel module or directly operates on kernel structures, "
"the source must be installed."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1295
msgid "Do I need to build a kernel?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1299
msgid ""
"Usually not. The supplied <literal>GENERIC</literal> kernel contains the "
"drivers an ordinary computer will need. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>freebsd-"
"update</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, the FreeBSD "
"binary upgrade tool, cannot upgrade custom kernels, another reason to stick "
"with the <literal>GENERIC</literal> kernel when possible. For computers with "
"very limited RAM, such as embedded systems, it may be worthwhile to build a "
"smaller custom kernel containing just the required drivers."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1312
msgid ""
"Should I use DES, Blowfish, or MD5 passwords and how do I specify which form "
"my users receive?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1317
msgid ""
"FreeBSD uses <emphasis>SHA512</emphasis> by default. DES passwords are still "
"available for backwards compatibility with operating systems that still use "
"the less secure password format. FreeBSD also supports the Blowfish and MD5 "
"password formats. Which password format to use for new passwords is "
"controlled by the <literal>passwd_format</literal> login capability in "
"<filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>, which takes values of <literal>des</"
"literal>, <literal>blf</literal> (if these are available) or <literal>md5</"
"literal>. See the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> manual page for more "
"information about login capabilities."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1336
msgid "What are the limits for FFS file systems?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1340
msgid ""
"For FFS file systems, the largest file system is practically limited by the "
"amount of memory required to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> the file system. "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> requires one bit per fragment, which with the default fragment "
"size of 4 KB equates to 32 MB of memory per TB of disk. This does mean that "
"on architectures which limit userland processes to 2 GB (e.g., "
"<trademark>i386</trademark>), the maximum <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>'able filesystem is "
"~60 TB."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1349
msgid ""
"If there was not a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> memory limit the "
"maximum filesystem size would be 2 ^ 64 (blocks) * 32 KB =&gt; 16 Exa * "
"32 KB =&gt; 512 ZettaBytes."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1354
msgid ""
"The maximum size of a single FFS file is approximately 2 PB with the default "
"block size of 32 KB. Each 32 KB block can point to 4096 blocks. With triple "
"indirect blocks, the calculation is 32 KB * 12 + 32 KB * 4096 + 32 KB * "
"4096^2 + 32 KB * 4096^3. Increasing the block size to 64 KB will increase "
"the max file size by a factor of 16."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1366
msgid ""
"Why do I get an error message, <errorname>readin failed</errorname> after "
"compiling and booting a new kernel?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1372
msgid ""
"The world and kernel are out of sync. This is not supported. Be sure to use "
"<command>make buildworld</command> and <command>make buildkernel</command> "
"to update the kernel."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1377
msgid ""
"Boot the system by specifying the kernel directly at the second stage, "
"pressing any key when the <literal>|</literal> shows up before loader is "
"started."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1386
msgid "Is there a tool to perform post-installation configuration tasks?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1391
msgid ""
"Yes. <application>bsdconfig</application> provides a nice interface to "
"configure FreeBSD post-installation."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:1399
msgid "Hardware Compatibility"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: book.translate.xml:1402
msgid "General"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1407
msgid ""
"I want to get a piece of hardware for my FreeBSD system. Which model/brand/"
"type is best?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1412
msgid ""
"This is discussed continually on the FreeBSD mailing lists but is to be "
"expected since hardware changes so quickly. Read through the Hardware Notes "
"for FreeBSD <link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/11.2R/"
"hardware.html\">11.2</link> or <link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/"
"releases/10.4R/hardware.html\">10.4</link> and search the mailing list <link "
"xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/search/#mailinglists\">archives</link> "
"before asking about the latest and greatest hardware. Chances are a "
"discussion about that type of hardware took place just last week."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1422
msgid ""
"Before purchasing a laptop, check the archives for <link xlink:href=\"http://"
"lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-mobile\">FreeBSD laptop computer "
"mailing list</link> and <link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/"
"listinfo/freebsd-questions\">FreeBSD general questions mailing list</link>, "
"or possibly a specific mailing list for a particular hardware type."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1430
msgid ""
"What are the limits for memory? Does FreeBSD support more than 4 GB of "
"memory (RAM)? More than 16 GB? More than 48 GB?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1437
msgid ""
"FreeBSD as an operating system generally supports as much physical memory "
"(RAM) as the platform it is running on does. Keep in mind that different "
"platforms have different limits for memory; for example <trademark>i386</"
"trademark> without <acronym>PAE</acronym> supports at most 4 GB of memory "
"(and usually less than that because of PCI address space) and "
"<trademark>i386</trademark> with PAE supports at most 64 GB memory. As of "
"FreeBSD 10, AMD64 platforms support up to 4 TB of physical memory."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1452
msgid ""
"Why does FreeBSD report less than 4 GB memory when installed on an "
"<trademark>i386</trademark> machine?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1457
msgid ""
"The total address space on <trademark>i386</trademark> machines is 32-bit, "
"meaning that at most 4 GB of memory is addressable (can be accessed). "
"Furthermore, some addresses in this range are reserved by hardware for "
"different purposes, for example for using and controlling PCI devices, for "
"accessing video memory, and so on. Therefore, the total amount of memory "
"usable by the operating system for its kernel and applications is limited to "
"significantly less than 4 GB. Usually, 3.2 GB to 3.7 GB is the maximum "
"usable physical memory in this configuration."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1469
msgid ""
"To access more than 3.2 GB to 3.7 GB of installed memory (meaning up to 4 GB "
"but also more than 4 GB), a special tweak called <acronym>PAE</acronym> must "
"be used. PAE stands for Physical Address Extension and is a way for 32-bit "
"x86 CPUs to address more than 4 GB of memory. It remaps the memory that "
"would otherwise be overlaid by address reservations for hardware devices "
"above the 4 GB range and uses it as additional physical memory (see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pae</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>). Using PAE has some drawbacks; this mode of memory access is "
"a little bit slower than the normal (without PAE) mode and loadable modules "
"(see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kld</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>) are not supported. This means all drivers must be "
"compiled into the kernel."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1484
msgid ""
"The most common way to enable PAE is to build a new kernel with the special "
"ready-provided kernel configuration file called <filename>PAE</filename>, "
"which is already configured to build a safe kernel. Note that some entries "
"in this kernel configuration file are too conservative and some drivers "
"marked as unready to be used with PAE are actually usable. A rule of thumb "
"is that if the driver is usable on 64-bit architectures (like AMD64), it is "
"also usable with PAE. When creating a custom kernel configuration file, PAE "
"can be enabled by adding the following line:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:1497
#, no-wrap
msgid "options       PAE"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1499
msgid ""
"PAE is not much used nowadays because most new x86 hardware also supports "
"running in 64-bit mode, known as AMD64 or <trademark class="
"\"registered\">Intel</trademark> 64. It has a much larger address space and "
"does not need such tweaks. FreeBSD supports AMD64 and it is recommended that "
"this version of FreeBSD be used instead of the <trademark>i386</trademark> "
"version if 4 GB or more memory is required."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: book.translate.xml:1512
msgid "Architectures and Processors"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1517
msgid "Does FreeBSD support architectures other than the x86?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1522
msgid ""
"Yes. FreeBSD divides support into multiple tiers. Tier 1 architectures, such "
"as i386 or amd64; are fully supported. Tiers 2 and 3 are supported on a best-"
"effort basis. A full explanation of the tier system is available in the "
"<link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/committers-"
"guide/archs.html\">Committer's Guide.</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1529
msgid ""
"A complete list of supported architectures can be found on the <link xlink:"
"href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/platforms/\">platforms page.</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1537
msgid "Does FreeBSD support Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP)?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1542
msgid ""
"FreeBSD supports symmetric multi-processor (SMP) on all non-embedded "
"platforms (e.g, i386, amd64, etc.). SMP is also supported in arm and MIPS "
"kernels, although some CPUs may not support this. FreeBSD's SMP "
"implementation uses fine-grained locking, and performance scales nearly "
"linearly with number of CPUs."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1550
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>smp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> has more details."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1556
msgid ""
"What is microcode? How do I install <trademark class=\"registered\">Intel</"
"trademark> CPU microcode updates?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1561
msgid ""
"Microcode is a method of programmatically implementing hardware level "
"instructions. This allows for CPU bugs to be fixed without replacing the on "
"board chip."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1566
msgid "Install <package>sysutils/devcpu-data</package>, then add:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:1569
#, no-wrap
msgid "microcode_update_enable=\"YES\""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1571
msgid "to <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: book.translate.xml:1578
msgid "Hard Drives, Tape Drives, and CD and DVD Drives"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1583
msgid "What kind of hard drives does FreeBSD support?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1587
msgid ""
"FreeBSD supports EIDE, SATA, SCSI, and SAS drives (with a compatible "
"controller; see the next section), and all drives using the original "
"<quote>Western Digital</quote> interface (MFM, RLL, ESDI, and of course IDE)."
" A few ESDI controllers that use proprietary interfaces may not work: stick "
"to WD1002/3/6/7 interfaces and clones."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1599
msgid "Which SCSI or SAS controllers are supported?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1603
msgid ""
"See the complete list in the Hardware Notes for FreeBSD <link xlink:href="
"\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/11.2R/hardware.html\">11.2</link> or "
"<link xlink:href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/10.4R/hardware.html\">10."
"4</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1611
msgid "What types of tape drives are supported?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1615
msgid "FreeBSD supports all standard SCSI tape interfaces."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1622
msgid "Does FreeBSD support tape changers?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1626
msgid ""
"FreeBSD supports SCSI changers using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ch</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> device and the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> command. The details of how to control the changer can be "
"found in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1631
msgid ""
"While <application>AMANDA</application> and some other products already "
"understands changers, other applications only know how to move a tape from "
"one point to another. In this case, keep track of which slot a tape is in "
"and which slot the tape currently in the drive needs to go back to."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1643
msgid "Which CD-ROM and CD-RW drives are supported by FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1648
msgid ""
"Any SCSI drive connected to a supported controller is supported. Most ATAPI "
"compatible IDE CD-ROMs are supported."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1652
msgid "FreeBSD supports any ATAPI-compatible IDE CD-R or CD-RW drive."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1655
msgid ""
"FreeBSD also supports any SCSI CD-R or CD-RW drives. Install the "
"<package>sysutils/cdrtools</package> port or package, then use "
"<command>cdrecord</command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: book.translate.xml:1664
msgid "Keyboards and Mice"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1669
msgid "Is it possible to use a mouse outside the X Window system?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1674
msgid ""
"The default console driver, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syscons</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>, provides the ability "
"to use a mouse pointer in text consoles to cut &amp; paste text. Run the "
"mouse daemon, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>moused</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and turn on the mouse "
"pointer in the virtual console:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:1680
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>moused -p /dev/xxxx -t yyyy</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>vidcontrol -m on</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1683
msgid ""
"Where <replaceable>xxxx</replaceable> is the mouse device name and "
"<replaceable>yyyy</replaceable> is a protocol type for the mouse. The mouse "
"daemon can automatically determine the protocol type of most mice, except "
"old serial mice. Specify the <literal>auto</literal> protocol to invoke "
"automatic detection. If automatic detection does not work, see the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>moused</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> manual page for a list of supported protocol types."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1693
msgid ""
"For a PS/2 mouse, add <literal>moused_enable=\"YES\"</literal> to <filename>/"
"etc/rc.conf</filename> to start the mouse daemon at boot time. Additionally, "
"to use the mouse daemon on all virtual terminals instead of just the "
"console, add <literal>allscreens_flags=\"-m on\"</literal> to <filename>/etc/"
"rc.conf</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1702
msgid ""
"When the mouse daemon is running, access to the mouse must be coordinated "
"between the mouse daemon and other programs such as X Windows. Refer to the "
"<acronym>FAQ</acronym> <link linkend=\"x-and-moused\">Why does my mouse not "
"work with X?</link> for more details on this issue."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1713
msgid "How do I cut and paste text with a mouse in the text console?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1718
msgid ""
"It is not possible to remove data using the mouse. However, it is possible "
"to copy and paste. Once the mouse daemon is running as described in the "
"<link linkend=\"moused\">previous question</link>, hold down button 1 (left "
"button) and move the mouse to select a region of text. Then, press button 2 "
"(middle button) to paste it at the text cursor. Pressing button 3 (right "
"button) will <quote>extend</quote> the selected region of text."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1727
msgid ""
"If the mouse does not have a middle button, it is possible to emulate one or "
"remap buttons using mouse daemon options. See the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>moused</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> manual page for details."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1736
msgid "My mouse has a fancy wheel and buttons. Can I use them in FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1741
msgid ""
"The answer is, unfortunately, <quote>It depends</quote>. These mice with "
"additional features require specialized driver in most cases. Unless the "
"mouse device driver or the user program has specific support for the mouse, "
"it will act just like a standard two, or three button mouse."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1748
msgid ""
"For the possible usage of wheels in the X Window environment, refer to <link "
"linkend=\"x-and-wheel\">that section</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1755
msgid ""
"How do I use my delete key in <command>sh</command> and <command>csh</"
"command>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1760
msgid ""
"For the <application>Bourne Shell</application>, add the following lines to "
"<filename>~/.shrc</filename>. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>editrc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:1764
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"bind ^? ed-delete-next-char # for console\n"
"bind ^[[3~ ed-delete-next-char # for xterm"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1767
msgid ""
"For the <application>C Shell</application>, add the following lines to "
"<filename>~/.cshrc</filename>. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>csh</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:1771
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"bindkey ^? delete-char # for console\n"
"bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1774
msgid ""
"For more information, see <link xlink:href=\"http://www.ibb.net/~anne/"
"keyboard.html\">this page</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: book.translate.xml:1782
msgid "Other Hardware"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1787
msgid ""
"Workarounds for no sound from my <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pcm</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> sound card?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1792
msgid ""
"Some sound cards set their output volume to 0 at every boot. Run the "
"following command every time the machine boots:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:1796
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mixer pcm 100 vol 100 cd 100</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1802
msgid "Does FreeBSD support power management on my laptop?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1807
msgid ""
"FreeBSD supports the <acronym>ACPI</acronym> features found in modern "
"hardware. Further information can be found in "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>acpi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:1817
msgid "Troubleshooting"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1822
msgid ""
"Why is FreeBSD finding the wrong amount of memory on <trademark>i386</"
"trademark> hardware?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1827
msgid ""
"The most likely reason is the difference between physical memory addresses "
"and virtual addresses."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1830
msgid ""
"The convention for most PC hardware is to use the memory area between 3.5 GB "
"and 4 GB for a special purpose (usually for PCI). This address space is used "
"to access PCI hardware. As a result real, physical memory cannot be accessed "
"by that address space."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1836
msgid ""
"What happens to the memory that should appear in that location is hardware "
"dependent. Unfortunately, some hardware does nothing and the ability to use "
"that last 500 MB of RAM is entirely lost."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1841
msgid ""
"Luckily, most hardware remaps the memory to a higher location so that it can "
"still be used. However, this can cause some confusion when watching the boot "
"messages."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1846
msgid ""
"On a 32-bit version of FreeBSD, the memory appears lost, since it will be "
"remapped above 4 GB, which a 32-bit kernel is unable to access. In this "
"case, the solution is to build a PAE enabled kernel. See the entry on memory "
"limits for more information."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1852
msgid ""
"On a 64-bit version of FreeBSD, or when running a PAE-enabled kernel, "
"FreeBSD will correctly detect and remap the memory so it is usable. During "
"boot, however, it may seem as if FreeBSD is detecting more memory than the "
"system really has, due to the described remapping. This is normal and the "
"available memory will be corrected as the boot process completes."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1864
msgid ""
"Why do my programs occasionally die with <errorname>Signal 11</errorname> "
"errors?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1869
msgid ""
"Signal 11 errors are caused when a process has attempted to access memory "
"which the operating system has not granted it access to. If something like "
"this is happening at seemingly random intervals, start investigating the "
"cause."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1875
msgid "These problems can usually be attributed to either:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:1880
msgid ""
"If the problem is occurring only in a specific custom application, it is "
"probably a bug in the code."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:1886
msgid ""
"If it is a problem with part of the base FreeBSD system, it may also be "
"buggy code, but more often than not these problems are found and fixed long "
"before us general <acronym>FAQ</acronym> readers get to use these bits of "
"code (that is what -CURRENT is for)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1895
msgid ""
"It is probably not a FreeBSD bug if the problem occurs compiling a program, "
"but the activity that the compiler is carrying out changes each time."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1901
msgid ""
"For example, if <command>make buildworld</command> fails while trying to "
"compile <filename>ls.c</filename> into <filename>ls.o</filename> and, when "
"run again, it fails in the same place, this is a broken build. Try updating "
"source and try again. If the compile fails elsewhere, it is almost certainly "
"due to hardware."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1909
msgid ""
"In the first case, use a debugger such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to find the point in "
"the program which is attempting to access a bogus address and fix it."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1914
msgid "In the second case, verify which piece of hardware is at fault."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1917
msgid "Common causes of this include:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:1921
msgid ""
"The hard disks might be overheating: Check that the fans are still working, "
"as the disk and other hardware might be overheating."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:1927
msgid ""
"The processor running is overheating: This might be because the processor "
"has been overclocked, or the fan on the processor might have died. In either "
"case, ensure that the hardware is running at what it is specified to run at, "
"at least while trying to solve this problem. If it is not, clock it back to "
"the default settings.)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:1935
msgid ""
"Regarding overclocking, it is far cheaper to have a slow system than a fried "
"system that needs replacing! Also the community is not sympathetic to "
"problems on overclocked systems."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:1942
msgid ""
"Dodgy memory: if multiple memory SIMMS/DIMMS are installed, pull them all "
"out and try running the machine with each SIMM or DIMM individually to "
"narrow the problem down to either the problematic DIMM/SIMM or perhaps even "
"a combination."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:1951
msgid ""
"Over-optimistic motherboard settings: the BIOS settings, and some "
"motherboard jumpers, provide options to set various timings. The defaults "
"are often sufficient, but sometimes setting the wait states on RAM too low, "
"or setting the <quote>RAM Speed: Turbo</quote> option will cause strange "
"behavior. A possible idea is to set to BIOS defaults, after noting the "
"current settings first."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:1963
msgid ""
"Unclean or insufficient power to the motherboard. Remove any unused I/O "
"boards, hard disks, or CD-ROMs, or disconnect the power cable from them, to "
"see if the power supply can manage a smaller load. Or try another power "
"supply, preferably one with a little more power. For instance, if the "
"current power supply is rated at 250 Watts, try one rated at 300 Watts."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1975
msgid ""
"Read the section on <link linkend=\"signal11\">Signal 11</link> for a "
"further explanation and a discussion on how memory testing software or "
"hardware can still pass faulty memory. There is an extensive <acronym>FAQ</"
"acronym> on this at <link xlink:href=\"http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11/\">the "
"SIG11 problem <acronym>FAQ</acronym></link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1982
msgid ""
"Finally, if none of this has helped, it is possibly a bug in FreeBSD. Follow "
"<link linkend=\"access-pr\">these instructions</link> to send a problem "
"report."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:1991
msgid ""
"My system crashes with either <errorname>Fatal trap 12: page fault in kernel "
"mode</errorname>, or <errorname>panic:</errorname>, and spits out a bunch of "
"information. What should I do?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:1998
msgid ""
"The FreeBSD developers are interested in these errors, but need more "
"information than just the error message. Copy the full crash message. Then "
"consult the <acronym>FAQ</acronym> section on <link linkend=\"kernel-panic-"
"troubleshooting\">kernel panics</link>, build a debugging kernel, and get a "
"backtrace. This might sound difficult, but does not require any programming "
"skills. Just follow the instructions."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2011
msgid ""
"What is the meaning of the error <errorname>maxproc limit exceeded by uid "
"%i, please see tuning(7) and login.conf(5)</errorname>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2017
msgid ""
"The FreeBSD kernel will only allow a certain number of processes to exist at "
"one time. The number is based on the <varname>kern.maxusers</varname> "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> variable. <varname>kern.maxusers</varname> also affects "
"various other in-kernel limits, such as network buffers. If the machine is "
"heavily loaded, increase <varname>kern.maxusers</varname>. This will "
"increase these other system limits in addition to the maximum number of "
"processes."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2027
msgid ""
"To adjust the <varname>kern.maxusers</varname> value, see the <link xlink:"
"href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/configtuning-"
"kernel-limits.html#kern-maxfiles\">File/Process Limits</link> section of the "
"Handbook. While that section refers to open files, the same limits apply to "
"processes."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2033
msgid ""
"If the machine is lightly loaded but running a very large number of "
"processes, adjust the <varname>kern.maxproc</varname> tunable by defining it "
"in <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>. The tunable will not get adjusted "
"until the system is rebooted. For more information about tuning tunables, "
"see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>loader.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>. If these processes are being run by a single "
"user, adjust <varname>kern.maxprocperuid</varname> to be one less than the "
"new <varname>kern.maxproc</varname> value. It must be at least one less "
"because one system program, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, must always be "
"running."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2050
msgid "Why do full screen applications on remote machines misbehave?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2055
msgid ""
"The remote machine may be setting the terminal type to something other than "
"<literal>xterm</literal> which is required by the FreeBSD console. "
"Alternatively the kernel may have the wrong values for the width and height "
"of the terminal."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2061
msgid ""
"Check the value of the <envar>TERM</envar> environment variable is "
"<literal>xterm</literal>. If the remote machine does not support that try "
"<literal>vt100</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2066
msgid ""
"Run <command>stty -a</command> to check what the kernel thinks the terminal "
"dimensions are. If they are incorrect, they can be changed by running "
"<command>stty rows <replaceable>RR</replaceable> cols <replaceable>CC</"
"replaceable></command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2072
msgid ""
"Alternatively, if the client machine has <package>x11/xterm</package> "
"installed, then running <command>resize</command> will query the terminal "
"for the correct dimensions and set them."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2081
msgid ""
"Why does it take so long to connect to my computer via <command>ssh</"
"command> or <command>telnet</command>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2087
msgid ""
"The symptom: there is a long delay between the time the TCP connection is "
"established and the time when the client software asks for a password (or, "
"in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>telnet</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>'s case, when a login prompt appears)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2093
msgid ""
"The problem: more likely than not, the delay is caused by the server "
"software trying to resolve the client's IP address into a hostname. Many "
"servers, including the <application>Telnet</application> and "
"<application>SSH</application> servers that come with FreeBSD, do this to "
"store the hostname in a log file for future reference by the administrator."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2101
msgid ""
"The remedy: if the problem occurs whenever connecting the client computer to "
"any server, the problem is with the client. If the problem only occurs when "
"someone connects to the server computer, the problem is with the server."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2107
msgid ""
"If the problem is with the client, the only remedy is to fix the DNS so the "
"server can resolve it. If this is on a local network, consider it a server "
"problem and keep reading. If this is on the Internet, contact your ISP."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2113
msgid ""
"If the problem is with the server on a local network, configure the server "
"to resolve address-to-hostname queries for the local address range. See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>hosts</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>named</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for more information. "
"If this is on the Internet, the problem may be that the local server's "
"resolver is not functioning correctly. To check, try to look up another host "
"such as <systemitem>www.yahoo.com</systemitem>. If it does not work, that is "
"the problem."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2124
msgid ""
"Following a fresh install of FreeBSD, it is also possible that domain and "
"name server information is missing from <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</"
"filename>. This will often cause a delay in <application>SSH</application>, "
"as the option <literal>UseDNS</literal> is set to <literal>yes</literal> by "
"default in <filename>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</filename>. If this is causing the "
"problem, either fill in the missing information in <filename>/etc/resolv."
"conf</filename> or set <literal>UseDNS</literal> to <literal>no</literal> in "
"<filename>sshd_config</filename> as a temporary workaround."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2142
msgid ""
"Why does <errorname>file: table is full</errorname> show up repeatedly in "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dmesg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2147
msgid ""
"This error message indicates that the number of available file descriptors "
"have been exhausted on the system. Refer to the <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/configtuning-kernel-"
"limits.html#kern-maxfiles\">kern.maxfiles</link> section of the <link xlink:"
"href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/configtuning-"
"kernel-limits.html\">Tuning Kernel Limits</link> section of the Handbook for "
"a discussion and solution."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2158
msgid "Why does the clock on my computer keep incorrect time?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2163
msgid ""
"The computer has two or more clocks, and FreeBSD has chosen to use the wrong "
"one."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2166
msgid ""
"Run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dmesg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, and check for lines that contain "
"<literal>Timecounter</literal>. The one with the highest quality value that "
"FreeBSD chose."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:2170
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>dmesg | grep Timecounter</userinput>\n"
"Timecounter \"i8254\" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 0\n"
"Timecounter \"ACPI-fast\" frequency 3579545 Hz quality 1000\n"
"Timecounter \"TSC\" frequency 2998570050 Hz quality 800\n"
"Timecounters tick every 1.000 msec"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2176
msgid ""
"Confirm this by checking the <varname>kern.timecounter.hardware</varname> "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:2180
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl kern.timecounter.hardware</userinput>\n"
"kern.timecounter.hardware: ACPI-fast"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2183
msgid ""
"It may be a broken ACPI timer. The simplest solution is to disable the ACPI "
"timer in <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:2187
#, no-wrap
msgid "debug.acpi.disabled=\"timer\""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2189
msgid ""
"Or the BIOS may modify the TSC clock—perhaps to change the speed of the "
"processor when running from batteries, or going into a power saving mode, "
"but FreeBSD is unaware of these adjustments, and appears to gain or lose "
"time."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2195
msgid ""
"In this example, the <literal>i8254</literal> clock is also available, and "
"can be selected by writing its name to the <varname>kern.timecounter."
"hardware</varname> <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:2200
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl kern.timecounter.hardware=i8254</"
"userinput>\n"
"kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -&gt; i8254"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2203
msgid "The computer should now start keeping more accurate time."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2206
msgid ""
"To have this change automatically run at boot time, add the following line "
"to <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:2210
#, no-wrap
msgid "kern.timecounter.hardware=i8254"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2216
msgid ""
"What does the error <errorname>swap_pager: indefinite wait buffer:</"
"errorname> mean?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2221
msgid ""
"This means that a process is trying to page memory from disk, and the page "
"attempt has hung trying to access the disk for more than 20 seconds. It "
"might be caused by bad blocks on the disk drive, disk wiring, cables, or any "
"other disk I/O-related hardware. If the drive itself is bad, disk errors "
"will appear in <filename>/var/log/messages</filename> and in the output of "
"<command>dmesg</command>. Otherwise, check the cables and connections."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2236
msgid "What is a <errorname>lock order reversal</errorname>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2241
msgid ""
"The FreeBSD kernel uses a number of resource locks to arbitrate contention "
"for certain resources. When multiple kernel threads try to obtain multiple "
"resource locks, there's always the potential for a deadlock, where two "
"threads have each obtained one of the locks and blocks forever waiting for "
"the other thread to release one of the other locks. This sort of locking "
"problem can be avoided if all threads obtain the locks in the same order."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2250
msgid ""
"A run-time lock diagnostic system called "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>witness</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, enabled in FreeBSD-CURRENT and disabled by "
"default for stable branches and releases, detects the potential for "
"deadlocks due to locking errors, including errors caused by obtaining "
"multiple resource locks with a different order from different parts of the "
"kernel. The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>witness</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> framework tries to "
"detect this problem as it happens, and reports it by printing a message to "
"the system console about a <errorname>lock order reversal</errorname> (often "
"referred to also as <acronym>LOR</acronym>)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2262
msgid ""
"It is possible to get false positives, as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>witness</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> is conservative. A true positive report "
"<emphasis>does not</emphasis> mean that a system is dead-locked; instead it "
"should be understood as a warning that a deadlock could have happened here."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: note/para
#: book.translate.xml:2269
msgid ""
"Problematic <acronym>LOR</acronym>s tend to get fixed quickly, so check the "
"<link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-"
"current\">FreeBSD-CURRENT mailing list</link> before posting to it."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2278
msgid ""
"What does <errorname>Called ... with the following non-sleepable locks held</"
"errorname> mean?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2283
msgid ""
"This means that a function that may sleep was called while a mutex (or other "
"unsleepable) lock was held."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2286
msgid ""
"The reason this is an error is because mutexes are not intended to be held "
"for long periods of time; they are supposed to only be held to maintain "
"short periods of synchronization. This programming contract allows device "
"drivers to use mutexes to synchronize with the rest of the kernel during "
"interrupts. Interrupts (under FreeBSD) may not sleep. Hence it is imperative "
"that no subsystem in the kernel block for an extended period while holding a "
"mutex."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2296
msgid ""
"To catch such errors, assertions may be added to the kernel that interact "
"with the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>witness</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> subsystem to emit a warning or fatal error "
"(depending on the system configuration) when a potentially blocking call is "
"made while holding a mutex."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2302
msgid ""
"In summary, such warnings are non-fatal, however with unfortunate timing "
"they could cause undesirable effects ranging from a minor blip in the "
"system's responsiveness to a complete system lockup."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2307
msgid ""
"For additional information about locking in FreeBSD see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>locking</refentrytitle><manvolnum>9</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: para/buildtarget
#: book.translate.xml:2315
msgid "buildworld"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: para/buildtarget
#: book.translate.xml:2315
msgid "installworld"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2314
msgid ""
"Why does <_:buildtarget-1/>/<_:buildtarget-2/> die with the message "
"<errorname>touch: not found</errorname>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2321
msgid ""
"This error does not mean that the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>touch</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utility is missing. "
"The error is instead probably due to the dates of the files being set "
"sometime in the future. If the CMOS clock is set to local time, run "
"<command>adjkerntz -i</command> to adjust the kernel clock when booting into "
"single-user mode."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:2334
msgid "User Applications"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2339
msgid "Where are all the user applications?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2343
msgid ""
"Refer to <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/ports/index.html\">the ports "
"page</link> for info on software packages ported to FreeBSD. The list "
"currently tops 24,000 and is growing daily, so come back to check often or "
"subscribe to the <link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/"
"listinfo/freebsd-announce\">FreeBSD announcements mailing list</link> for "
"periodic updates on new entries."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2350
msgid ""
"Most ports should work on all supported versions of FreeBSD. Those that do "
"not are specifically marked as such. Each time a FreeBSD release is made, a "
"snapshot of the ports tree at the time of release in also included in the "
"<filename>ports/</filename> directory."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2356
msgid ""
"FreeBSD supports compressed binary packages to easily install and uninstall "
"ports. Use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> to control the installation of packages."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2364
msgid "How do I download the Ports tree? Should I be using Subversion?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2369
msgid "Any of the methods listed here work:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:2373
msgid ""
"Use portsnap for most use cases. Refer to <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports-using."
"html\">Using the Ports Collection</link> for instructions on how to use this "
"tool."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:2378
msgid ""
"Use Subversion if custom patches to the ports tree are needed. Refer to "
"<link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/svn."
"html\">Using Subversion</link> for details."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2388
msgid "Does FreeBSD support <trademark>Java</trademark>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2392
msgid ""
"Yes. Refer to <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/java/index.html\">https://"
"www.FreeBSD.org/java/</link> for more information."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2399
msgid ""
"Why can I not build this port on my 10.<replaceable>X</replaceable> -, or 11."
"<replaceable>X</replaceable> -STABLE machine?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2405
msgid ""
"If the installed FreeBSD version lags significantly behind <emphasis>-"
"CURRENT</emphasis> or <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis>, update the Ports "
"Collection using the instructions in <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/"
"doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports-using.html\">Using the Ports "
"Collection</link>. If the system is up-to-date, someone might have committed "
"a change to the port which works for <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> but which "
"broke the port for <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis>. <link xlink:href=\"https://"
"bugs.FreeBSD.org/submit/\">Submit</link> a bug report, since the Ports "
"Collection is supposed to work for both the <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> "
"and <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis> branches."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2422
msgid ""
"I just tried to build <filename>INDEX</filename> using <command>make index</"
"command>, and it failed. Why?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2427
msgid ""
"First, make sure that the Ports Collection is up-to-date. Errors that affect "
"building <filename>INDEX</filename> from an up-to-date copy of the Ports "
"Collection are high-visibility and are thus almost always fixed immediately."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2433
msgid ""
"There are rare cases where <filename>INDEX</filename> will not build due to "
"odd cases involving <varname>OPTIONS_SET</varname> being set in "
"<filename>make.conf</filename>. If you suspect that this is the case, try to "
"make <filename>INDEX</filename> with those variables turned off before "
"reporting it to <link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/"
"freebsd-ports\">FreeBSD ports mailing list</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2445
msgid "I updated the sources, now how do I update my installed ports?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2450
msgid ""
"FreeBSD does not include a port upgrading tool, but it does have some tools "
"to make the upgrade process somewhat easier. Additional tools are available "
"to simplify port handling and are described the <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports-using."
"html\">Upgrading Ports</link> section in the FreeBSD Handbook."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2460
msgid ""
"Do I need to recompile every port each time I perform a major version "
"update?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2465
msgid ""
"Yes! While a recent system will run with software compiled under an older "
"release, things will randomly crash and fail to work once other ports are "
"installed or updated."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2470
msgid ""
"When the system is upgraded, various shared libraries, loadable modules, and "
"other parts of the system will be replaced with newer versions. Applications "
"linked against the older versions may fail to start or, in other cases, fail "
"to function properly."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2476
msgid ""
"For more information, see <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US."
"ISO8859-1/books/handbook/updating-upgrading-freebsdupdate.html#freebsdupdate-"
"upgrade\">the section on upgrades</link> in the FreeBSD Handbook."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2483
msgid ""
"Do I need to recompile every port each time I perform a minor version "
"update?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2488
msgid ""
"In general, no. FreeBSD developers do their utmost to guarantee binary "
"compatibility across all releases with the same major version number. Any "
"exceptions will be documented in the Release Notes, and advice given there "
"should be followed."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2498
msgid ""
"Why is <command>/bin/sh</command> so minimal? Why does FreeBSD not use "
"<command>bash</command> or another shell?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2504
msgid ""
"Many people need to write shell scripts which will be portable across many "
"systems. That is why <trademark class=\"registered\">POSIX</trademark> "
"specifies the shell and utility commands in great detail. Most scripts are "
"written in Bourne shell (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>), and because several "
"important programming interfaces (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>make</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>system</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>popen</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and analogues in "
"higher-level scripting languages like Perl and Tcl) are specified to use the "
"Bourne shell to interpret commands. Because the Bourne shell is so often and "
"widely used, it is important for it to be quick to start, be deterministic "
"in its behavior, and have a small memory footprint."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2517
msgid ""
"The existing implementation is our best effort at meeting as many of these "
"requirements simultaneously as we can. To keep <command>/bin/sh</command> "
"small, we have not provided many of the convenience features that other "
"shells have. That is why other more featureful shells like <command>bash</"
"command>, <command>scsh</command>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcsh</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <command>zsh</"
"command> are available. Compare the memory utilization of these shells by "
"looking at the <quote>VSZ</quote> and <quote>RSS</quote> columns in a "
"<command>ps -u</command> listing."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2533
msgid "How do I create audio CDs from my MIDI files?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2537
msgid ""
"To create audio CDs from MIDI files, first install <package>audio/"
"timidity++</package> from ports then install manually the GUS patches set by "
"Eric A. Welsh, available at <uri xlink:href=\"http://alleg.sourceforge.net/"
"digmid.html\">http://alleg.sourceforge.net/digmid.html</uri>. After "
"<application>TiMidity++</application> has been installed properly, MIDI "
"files may be converted to WAV files with the following command line:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:2545
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>timidity -Ow -s 44100 -o /tmp/juke/01.wav 01."
"mid</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2547
msgid ""
"The WAV files can then be converted to other formats or burned onto audio "
"CDs, as described in the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US."
"ISO8859-1/books/handbook/creating-cds.html\">FreeBSD Handbook</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:2556
msgid "Kernel Configuration"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2561
msgid "I would like to customize my kernel. Is it difficult?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2566
msgid ""
"Not at all! Check out the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US."
"ISO8859-1/books/handbook/kernelconfig.html\">kernel config section of the "
"Handbook</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: note/para
#: book.translate.xml:2570
msgid ""
"The new <filename>kernel</filename> will be installed to the <filename>/boot/"
"kernel</filename> directory along with its modules, while the old kernel and "
"its modules will be moved to the <filename>/boot/kernel.old</filename> "
"directory. If a mistake is made in the configuration, simply boot the "
"previous version of the kernel."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2584
msgid "Why is my kernel so big?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2588
msgid ""
"<literal>GENERIC</literal> kernels shipped with FreeBSD are compiled in "
"<emphasis>debug mode</emphasis>. Kernels built in debug mode contain debug "
"data in separate files that are used for debugging. FreeBSD releases prior "
"to 11.0 store these debug files in the same directory as the kernel itself, "
"<filename>/boot/kernel/</filename>. In FreeBSD 11.0 and later the debug "
"files are stored in <filename>/usr/lib/debug/boot/kernel/</filename>. Note "
"that there will be little or no performance loss from running a debug "
"kernel, and it is useful to keep one around in case of a system panic."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2601
msgid ""
"When running low on disk space, there are different options to reduce the "
"size of <filename>/boot/kernel/</filename> and <filename>/usr/lib/debug/</"
"filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2606
msgid ""
"To not install the symbol files, make sure the following line exists in "
"<filename>/etc/src.conf</filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:2610
#, no-wrap
msgid "WITHOUT_KERNEL_SYMBOLS=yes"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2612
msgid ""
"For more information see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>src.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2614
msgid ""
"If you want to avoid building debug files altogether, make sure that both of "
"the following are true:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:2619
msgid "This line does not exist in the kernel configuration file:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:2622
#, no-wrap
msgid "makeoptions DEBUG=-g"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:2626
msgid ""
"Do not run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> with <option>-g</option>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2631
msgid ""
"Either of the above settings will cause the kernel to be built in debug mode."
""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2634
msgid ""
"To build and install only the specified modules, list them in <filename>/etc/"
"make.conf</filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:2638
#, no-wrap
msgid "MODULES_OVERRIDE= <replaceable>accf_http ipfw</replaceable>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2640
msgid ""
"Replace <emphasis>accf_httpd ipfw</emphasis> with a list of needed modules. "
"Only the listed modules will be built. This reduces the size of the kernel "
"directory and decreases the amount of time needed to build the kernel. For "
"more information, read <filename>/usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf</"
"filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2647
msgid ""
"Unneeded devices can be removed from the kernel to further reduce the size. "
"See <xref linkend=\"make-kernel\"/> for more information."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2650
msgid ""
"To put any of these options into effect, follow the instructions to <link "
"xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/"
"kernelconfig-building.html\">build and install</link> the new kernel."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2654
msgid ""
"For reference, the FreeBSD 11 amd64 kernel (<filename>/boot/kernel/kernel</"
"filename>) is approximately 25 MB."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2662
msgid ""
"Why does every kernel I try to build fail to compile, even "
"<filename>GENERIC</filename>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2667
msgid "There are a number of possible causes for this problem:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:2672
msgid ""
"The source tree is different from the one used to build the currently "
"running system. When attempting an upgrade, read <filename>/usr/src/"
"UPDATING</filename>, paying particular attention to the <quote>COMMON ITEMS</"
"quote> section at the end."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:2681
msgid ""
"The <command>make buildkernel</command> did not complete successfully. The "
"<command>make buildkernel</command> target relies on files generated by the "
"<command>make buildworld</command> target to complete its job correctly."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:2689
msgid ""
"Even when building <link linkend=\"stable\">FreeBSD-STABLE</link>, it is "
"possible that the source tree was fetched at a time when it was either being "
"modified or it was broken. Only releases are guaranteed to be buildable, "
"although <link linkend=\"stable\">FreeBSD-STABLE</link> builds fine the "
"majority of the time. Try re-fetching the source tree and see if the problem "
"goes away. Try using a different mirror in case the previous one is having "
"problems."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2705
msgid "Which scheduler is in use on a running system?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2710
msgid ""
"The name of the scheduler currently being used is directly available as the "
"value of the <varname>kern.sched.name</varname> sysctl:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:2714
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>%</prompt> sysctl <replaceable>kern.sched.name</replaceable>\n"
"kern.sched.name: ULE"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2721
msgid "What is <varname>kern.sched.quantum</varname>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2725
msgid ""
"<varname>kern.sched.quantum</varname> is the maximum number of ticks a "
"process can run without being preempted in the 4BSD scheduler."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:2734
msgid "Disks, File Systems, and Boot Loaders"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2739
msgid "How can I add my new hard disk to my FreeBSD system?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2744
msgid ""
"See the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/"
"handbook/disks-adding.html\">Adding Disks</link> section in the FreeBSD "
"Handbook."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2751
msgid "How do I move my system over to my huge new disk?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2756
msgid ""
"The best way is to reinstall the operating system on the new disk, then move "
"the user data over. This is highly recommended when tracking <emphasis>-"
"STABLE</emphasis> for more than one release or when updating a release "
"instead of installing a new one. Install booteasy on both disks with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>boot0cfg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and dual boot until you are happy with the new "
"configuration. Skip the next paragraph to find out how to move the data "
"after doing this."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2766
msgid ""
"Alternatively, partition and label the new disk with either "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sade</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpart</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. If the disks are MBR-"
"formatted, booteasy can be installed on both disks with "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>boot0cfg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> so that the computer can dual boot to the old or "
"new system after the copying is done."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2772
msgid ""
"Once the new disk set up, the data cannot just be copied. Instead, use tools "
"that understand device files and system flags, such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dump</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>. Although it is recommended to move the data while in single-"
"user mode, it is not required."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2779
msgid ""
"When the disks are formatted with <acronym>UFS</acronym>, never use anything "
"but <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dump</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>restore</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to move the root file "
"system. These commands should also be used when moving a single partition to "
"another empty partition. The sequence of steps to use <command>dump</"
"command> to move the data from one <acronym>UFS</acronym> partitions to a "
"new partition is:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/para
#: book.translate.xml:2790
msgid "<command>newfs</command> the new partition."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/para
#: book.translate.xml:2794
msgid "<command>mount</command> it on a temporary mount point."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/para
#: book.translate.xml:2799
msgid "<command>cd</command> to that directory."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/para
#: book.translate.xml:2803
msgid ""
"<command>dump</command> the old partition, piping output to the new one."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2808
msgid ""
"For example, to move <filename>/dev/ada1s1a</filename> with <filename>/mnt</"
"filename> as the temporary mount point, type:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:2813
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>newfs /dev/ada1s1a</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount /dev/ada1s1a /mnt</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>cd /mnt</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>dump 0af - / | restore rf -</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2818
msgid ""
"Rearranging partitions with <command>dump</command> takes a bit more work. "
"To merge a partition like <filename>/var</filename> into its parent, create "
"the new partition large enough for both, move the parent partition as "
"described above, then move the child partition into the empty directory that "
"the first move created:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:2826
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>newfs /dev/ada1s1a</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount /dev/ada1s1a /mnt</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>cd /mnt</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>dump 0af - / | restore rf -</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>cd var</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>dump 0af - /var | restore rf -</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2833
msgid ""
"To split a directory from its parent, say putting <filename>/var</filename> "
"on its own partition when it was not before, create both partitions, then "
"mount the child partition on the appropriate directory in the temporary "
"mount point, then move the old single partition:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:2839
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>newfs /dev/ada1s1a</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>newfs /dev/ada1s1d</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount /dev/ada1s1a /mnt</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mkdir /mnt/var</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount /dev/ada1s1d /mnt/var</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>cd /mnt</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>dump 0af - / | restore rf -</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2847
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pax</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utilities are also "
"available for moving user data. These are known to lose file flag "
"information, so use them with caution."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2855
msgid ""
"Which partitions can safely use Soft Updates? I have heard that Soft Updates "
"on <filename>/</filename> can cause problems. What about Journaled Soft "
"Updates?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2861
msgid ""
"Short answer: Soft Updates can usually be safely used on all partitions."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2864
msgid ""
"Long answer: Soft Updates has two characteristics that may be undesirable on "
"certain partitions. First, a Soft Updates partition has a small chance of "
"losing data during a system crash. The partition will not be corrupted as "
"the data will simply be lost. Second, Soft Updates can cause temporary space "
"shortages."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2871
msgid ""
"When using Soft Updates, the kernel can take up to thirty seconds to write "
"changes to the physical disk. When a large file is deleted the file still "
"resides on disk until the kernel actually performs the deletion. This can "
"cause a very simple race condition. Suppose one large file is deleted and "
"another large file is immediately created. The first large file is not yet "
"actually removed from the physical disk, so the disk might not have enough "
"room for the second large file. This will produce an error that the "
"partition does not have enough space, even though a large chunk of space has "
"just been released. A few seconds later, the file creation works as expected."
""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2885
msgid ""
"If a system should crash after the kernel accepts a chunk of data for "
"writing to disk, but before that data is actually written out, data could be "
"lost. This risk is extremely small, but generally manageable."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2890
msgid ""
"These issues affect all partitions using Soft Updates. So, what does this "
"mean for the root partition?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2893
msgid ""
"Vital information on the root partition changes very rarely. If the system "
"crashed during the thirty-second window after such a change is made, it is "
"possible that data could be lost. This risk is negligible for most "
"applications, but be aware that it exists. If the system cannot tolerate "
"this much risk, do not use Soft Updates on the root file system!"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2901
msgid ""
"<filename>/</filename> is traditionally one of the smallest partitions. If "
"<filename>/tmp</filename> is on <filename>/</filename>, there may be "
"intermittent space problems. Symlinking <filename>/tmp</filename> to "
"<filename>/var/tmp</filename> will solve this problem."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2909
msgid ""
"Finally, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dump</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> does not work in live mode (-L) on a filesystem, "
"with Journaled Soft Updates (<acronym>SU+J</acronym>)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2917
msgid "Can I mount other foreign file systems under FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2922
msgid "FreeBSD supports a variety of other file systems."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: book.translate.xml:2926
msgid "UFS"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:2929
msgid ""
"UFS CD-ROMs can be mounted directly on FreeBSD. Mounting disk partitions "
"from Digital UNIX and other systems that support UFS may be more complex, "
"depending on the details of the disk partitioning for the operating system "
"in question."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: book.translate.xml:2938
msgid "ext2/ext3"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:2941
msgid ""
"FreeBSD supports <literal>ext2fs</literal> and <literal>ext3fs</literal> "
"partitions. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ext2fs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for more information."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: book.translate.xml:2948
msgid "NTFS"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:2951
msgid ""
"FUSE based NTFS support is available as a port (<package>sysutils/fusefs-"
"ntfs</package>). For more information see <link xlink:href=\"http://www."
"tuxera.com/community/ntfs-3g-manual/\"><application>ntfs-3g</application></"
"link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: book.translate.xml:2958
msgid "FAT"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:2961
msgid ""
"FreeBSD includes a read-write FAT driver. For more information, see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount_msdosfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:2967 book.translate.xml:3378
msgid "ZFS"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:2970
msgid ""
"FreeBSD includes a port of <trademark>Sun</trademark>'s ZFS driver. The "
"current recommendation is to use it only on amd64 platforms with sufficient "
"memory. For more information, see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>zfs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2978
msgid ""
"FreeBSD includes the Network File System <acronym>NFS</acronym> and the "
"FreeBSD Ports Collection provides several FUSE applications to support many "
"other file systems."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:2987
msgid "How do I mount a secondary DOS partition?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:2991
msgid ""
"The secondary DOS partitions are found after <emphasis>all</emphasis> the "
"primary partitions. For example, if <literal>E</literal> is the second DOS "
"partition on the second SCSI drive, there will be a device file for "
"<quote>slice 5</quote> in <filename>/dev</filename>. To mount it:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:2998
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount -t msdosfs /dev/da1s5 /dos/e</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3004
msgid "Is there a cryptographic file system for FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3008
msgid ""
"Yes, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gbde</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>geli</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. See the <link xlink:"
"href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks-encrypting."
"html\">Encrypting Disk Partitions</link> section of the FreeBSD Handbook."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3017
msgid ""
"How do I boot FreeBSD and <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> "
"using <application>GRUB</application>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3022
msgid ""
"To boot FreeBSD using <application>GRUB</application>, add the following to "
"either <filename>/boot/grub/menu.lst</filename> or <filename>/boot/grub/grub."
"conf</filename>, depending upon which is used by the <trademark class="
"\"registered\">Linux</trademark> distribution."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:3028
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"title FreeBSD 9.1\n"
"	root <replaceable>(hd0,a)</replaceable>\n"
"	kernel /boot/loader"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3032
msgid ""
"Where <replaceable>hd0,a</replaceable> points to the root partition on the "
"first disk. To specify the slice number, use something like this "
"<replaceable>(hd0,2,a)</replaceable>. By default, if the slice number is "
"omitted, <application>GRUB</application> searches the first slice which has "
"the <literal>a</literal> partition."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3044
msgid ""
"How do I boot FreeBSD and <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> "
"using <application>BootEasy?</application>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3049
msgid ""
"Install LILO at the start of the <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</"
"trademark> boot partition instead of in the Master Boot Record. You can then "
"boot LILO from <application>BootEasy</application>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3054
msgid ""
"This is recommended when running <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</"
"trademark> and <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> as it makes "
"it simpler to get <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> booting "
"again if <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</trademark> is reinstalled."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3062
msgid ""
"How do I change the boot prompt from <literal>???</literal> to something "
"more meaningful?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3068
msgid ""
"This cannot be accomplished with the standard boot manager without rewriting "
"it. There are a number of other boot managers in the <filename>sysutils</"
"filename> category of the Ports Collection."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3077
msgid "How do I use a new removable drive?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3081
msgid "If the drive already has a file system on it, use a command like this:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3084
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount -t msdosfs /dev/da0s1 /mnt</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3086
msgid ""
"If the drive will only be used with FreeBSD systems, partition it with "
"<acronym>UFS</acronym> or <acronym>ZFS</acronym>. This will provide long "
"filename support, improvement in performance, and stability. If the drive "
"will be used by other operating systems, a more portable choice, such as "
"msdosfs, is better."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3093
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/da0 count=2</"
"userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>gpart create -s GPT /dev/da0</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>gpart add -t freebsd-ufs /dev/da0</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3097
msgid "Finally, create a new file system:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3099
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>newfs /dev/da0p1</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3101
msgid "and mount it:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3103
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount /dev/da0s1 /mnt</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3105
msgid ""
"It is a good idea to add a line to <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> (see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>) so you can just type <command>mount /mnt</command> in the "
"future:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:3110
#, no-wrap
msgid "/dev/da0p1 /mnt ufs rw,noauto 0 0"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3116
msgid ""
"Why do I get <errorname>Incorrect super block</errorname> when mounting a "
"CD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3121
msgid ""
"The type of device to mount must be specified. This is described in the "
"Handbook section on <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/"
"books/handbook/creating-cds.html#mounting-cd\">Using Data CDs</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3129
msgid ""
"Why do I get <errorname>Device not configured</errorname> when mounting a "
"CD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3134
msgid ""
"This generally means that there is no CD in the drive, or the drive is not "
"visible on the bus. Refer to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/"
"en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/creating-cds.html#mounting-cd\">Using Data "
"CDs</link> section of the Handbook for a detailed discussion of this issue."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3144
msgid ""
"Why do all non-English characters in filenames show up as <quote>?</quote> "
"on my CDs when mounted in FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3149
msgid ""
"The CD probably uses the <quote>Joliet</quote> extension for storing "
"information about files and directories. This is discussed in the Handbook "
"section on <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/"
"handbook/creating-cds.html#mounting-cd\">Using Data CD-ROMs</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3159
msgid ""
"A CD burned under FreeBSD cannot be read under any other operating system. "
"Why?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3164
msgid ""
"This means a raw file was burned to the CD, rather than creating an ISO 9660 "
"file system. Take a look at the Handbook section on <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/creating-cds."
"html#mounting-cd\">Using Data <acronym>CD</acronym>s</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3173
msgid "How can I create an image of a data CD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3177
msgid ""
"This is discussed in the Handbook section on <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/creating-cds."
"html#mkisofs\">Writing Data to an <acronym>ISO</acronym> File System</link>. "
"For more on working with CD-ROMs, see the <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/creating-cds."
"html\">Creating CDs Section</link> in the Storage chapter in the Handbook."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3187
msgid "Why can I not <command>mount</command> an audio CD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3192
msgid ""
"Trying to mount an audio CD will produce an error like <errorname>cd9660: /"
"dev/cd0: Invalid argument</errorname>. This is because <command>mount</"
"command> only works on file systems. Audio CDs do not have file systems; "
"they just have data. Instead, use a program that reads audio CDs, such as "
"the <package>audio/xmcd</package> package or port."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3204
msgid "How do I <command>mount</command> a multi-session CD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3209
msgid ""
"By default, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> will attempt to mount the last data track "
"(session) of a CD. To load an earlier session, use the <option>-s</option> "
"command line argument. Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount_cd9660</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for specific examples."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3219
msgid ""
"How do I let ordinary users mount CD-ROMs, DVDs, USB drives, and other "
"removable media?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3224
msgid ""
"As <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> set the sysctl variable "
"<varname>vfs.usermount</varname> to <literal>1</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3228
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl vfs.usermount=1</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3230
msgid ""
"To make this persist across reboots, add the line <literal>vfs.usermount=1</"
"literal> to <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename> so that it is reset at "
"system boot time."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3235
msgid ""
"Users can only mount devices they have read permissions to. To allow users "
"to mount a device permissions must be set in <filename>/etc/devfs.conf</"
"filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3240
msgid "For example, to allow users to mount the first USB drive add:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:3243
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# Allow all users to mount a USB drive.\n"
"	    own       /dev/da0       root:operator\n"
"	    perm      /dev/da0       0666"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3247
msgid ""
"All users can now mount devices they could read onto a directory that they "
"own:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3250
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>mkdir ~/my-mount-point</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>mount -t msdosfs /dev/da0 ~/my-mount-point</"
"userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3253
msgid "Unmounting the device is simple:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3255
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>umount ~/my-mount-point</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3257
msgid ""
"Enabling <varname>vfs.usermount</varname>, however, has negative security "
"implications. A better way to access <trademark class=\"registered\">MS-DOS</"
"trademark> formatted media is to use the <package>emulators/mtools</package> "
"package in the Ports Collection."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: note/para
#: book.translate.xml:3264
msgid ""
"The device name used in the previous examples must be changed according to "
"the configuration."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3272
msgid ""
"The <command>du</command> and <command>df</command> commands show different "
"amounts of disk space available. What is going on?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3278
msgid ""
"This is due to how these commands actually work. <command>du</command> goes "
"through the directory tree, measures how large each file is, and presents "
"the totals. <command>df</command> just asks the file system how much space "
"it has left. They seem to be the same thing, but a file without a directory "
"entry will affect <command>df</command> but not <command>du</command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3287
msgid ""
"When a program is using a file, and the file is deleted, the file is not "
"really removed from the file system until the program stops using it. The "
"file is immediately deleted from the directory listing, however. As an "
"example, consider a file large enough to affect the output of <command>du</"
"command> and <command>df</command>. A file being viewed with <command>more</"
"command> can be deleted wihout causing an error. The entry is removed from "
"the directory so no other program or user can access it. However, "
"<command>du</command> shows that it is gone as it has walked the directory "
"tree and the file is not listed. <command>df</command> shows that it is "
"still there, as the file system knows that <command>more</command> is still "
"using that space. Once the <command>more</command> session ends, "
"<command>du</command> and <command>df</command> will agree."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3307
msgid ""
"This situation is common on web servers. Many people set up a FreeBSD web "
"server and forget to rotate the log files. The access log fills up "
"<filename>/var</filename>. The new administrator deletes the file, but the "
"system still complains that the partition is full. Stopping and restarting "
"the web server program would free the file, allowing the system to release "
"the disk space. To prevent this from happening, set up "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newsyslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3316
msgid ""
"Note that Soft Updates can delay the freeing of disk space and it can take "
"up to 30 seconds for the change to be visible."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3324
msgid "How can I add more swap space?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3328
msgid ""
"This section <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/"
"handbook/adding-swap-space.html\">of the Handbook</link> describes how to do "
"this."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3335
msgid ""
"Why does FreeBSD see my disk as smaller than the manufacturer says it is?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3340
msgid ""
"Disk manufacturers calculate gigabytes as a billion bytes each, whereas "
"FreeBSD calculates them as 1,073,741,824 bytes each. This explains why, for "
"example, FreeBSD's boot messages will report a disk that supposedly has "
"80 GB as holding 76,319 MB."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3347
msgid ""
"Also note that FreeBSD will (by default) <link linkend=\"disk-more-than-"
"full\">reserve</link> 8% of the disk space."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3354
msgid "How is it possible for a partition to be more than 100% full?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3359
msgid ""
"A portion of each UFS partition (8%, by default) is reserved for use by the "
"operating system and the <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> "
"user. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>df</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> does not count that space when calculating the "
"<literal>Capacity</literal> column, so it can exceed 100%. Notice that the "
"<literal>Blocks</literal> column is always greater than the sum of the "
"<literal>Used</literal> and <literal>Avail</literal> columns, usually by a "
"factor of 8%."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3369
msgid ""
"For more details, look up <option>-m</option> in "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tunefs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3383
msgid "What is the minimum amount of RAM one should have to run ZFS?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3388
msgid ""
"A minimum of 4GB of RAM is required for comfortable usage, but individual "
"workloads can vary widely."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3395
msgid "What is the ZIL and when does it get used?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3399
msgid ""
"The <acronym>ZIL</acronym> (<acronym>ZFS</acronym> intent log) is a write "
"log used to implement posix write commitment semantics across crashes. "
"Normally writes are bundled up into transaction groups and written to disk "
"when filled (<quote>Transaction Group Commit</quote>). However syscalls like "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsync</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> require a commitment that the data is written to stable "
"storage before returning. The ZIL is needed for writes that have been "
"acknowledged as written but which are not yet on disk as part of a "
"transaction. The transaction groups are timestamped. In the event of a crash "
"the last valid timestamp is found and missing data is merged in from the ZIL."
""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3417
msgid "Do I need a SSD for ZIL?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3421
msgid ""
"By default, ZFS stores the ZIL in the pool with all the data. If an "
"application has a heavy write load, storing the ZIL in a separate device "
"that has very fast synchronous, sequential write performance can improve "
"overall system. For other workloads, a SSD is unlikely to make much of an "
"improvement."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3432
msgid "What is the L2ARC?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3436
msgid ""
"The <acronym>L2ARC</acronym> is a read cache stored on a fast device such as "
"an <acronym>SSD</acronym>. This cache is not persistent across reboots. Note "
"that RAM is used as the first layer of cache and the L2ARC is only needed if "
"there is insufficient RAM."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3442
msgid ""
"L2ARC needs space in the ARC to index it. So, perversely, a working set that "
"fits perfectly in the ARC will not fit perfectly any more if a L2ARC is used "
"because part of the ARC is holding the L2ARC index, pushing part of the "
"working set into the L2ARC which is slower than RAM."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3453
msgid "Is enabling deduplication advisable?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3457
msgid "Generally speaking, no."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3459
msgid ""
"Deduplication takes up a significant amount of RAM and may slow down read "
"and write disk access times. Unless one is storing data that is very heavily "
"duplicated, such as virtual machine images or user backups, it is possible "
"that deduplication will do more harm than good. Another consideration is the "
"inability to revert deduplication status. If data is written when "
"deduplication is enabled, disabling dedup will not cause those blocks which "
"were deduplicated to be replicated until they are next modified."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3470
msgid ""
"Deduplication can also lead to some unexpected situations. In particular, "
"deleting files may become much slower."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3478
msgid "I cannot delete or create files on my ZFS pool. How can I fix this?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3483
msgid ""
"This could happen because the pool is 100% full. ZFS requires space on the "
"disk to write transaction metadata. To restore the pool to a usable state, "
"truncate the file to delete:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3488
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>truncate -s 0 unimportant-file</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3490
msgid ""
"File truncation works because a new transaction is not started, new spare "
"blocks are created instead."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: note/para
#: book.translate.xml:3494
msgid ""
"On systems with additional ZFS dataset tuning, such as deduplication, the "
"space may not be immediately available"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3503
msgid "Does ZFS support TRIM for Solid State Drives?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3507
msgid ""
"ZFS TRIM support was added to FreeBSD 10-CURRENT with revision "
"r<revnumber>240868</revnumber>. ZFS TRIM support was added to all FreeBSD-"
"STABLE branches in r<revnumber>252162</revnumber> and r<revnumber>251419</"
"revnumber>, respectively."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3513
msgid ""
"ZFS TRIM is enabled by default, and can be turned off by adding this line to "
"<filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:3517
#, no-wrap
msgid "vfs.zfs.trim.enabled=0"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: note/para
#: book.translate.xml:3520
msgid ""
"ZFS TRIM may not work with all configurations, such as a ZFS filesystem on a "
"GELI-backed device."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:3529
msgid "System Administration"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3534
msgid "Where are the system start-up configuration files?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3539
msgid ""
"The primary configuration file is <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> "
"which is described in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rc.conf</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. System startup "
"scripts such as <filename>/etc/rc</filename> and <filename>/etc/rc.d</"
"filename>, which are described in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rc</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, include this file. "
"<emphasis>Do not edit this file!</emphasis> Instead, to edit an entry in "
"<filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename>, copy the line into <filename>/"
"etc/rc.conf</filename> and change it there."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3550
msgid ""
"For example, if to start <citerefentry><refentrytitle>named</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, the included DNS "
"server:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3553
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>echo 'named_enable=\"YES\"' &gt;&gt; /etc/rc."
"conf</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3555
msgid ""
"To start up local services, place shell scripts in the <filename>/usr/local/"
"etc/rc.d</filename> directory. These shell scripts should be set executable, "
"the default file mode is <literal>555</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3564
msgid "How do I add a user easily?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3568
msgid ""
"Use the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>adduser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command, or the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pw</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command for more "
"complicated situations."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3571
msgid ""
"To remove the user, use the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rmuser</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command or, if "
"necessary, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3578
msgid ""
"Why do I keep getting messages like <errorname>root: not found</errorname> "
"after editing <filename>/etc/crontab</filename>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3584
msgid ""
"This is normally caused by editing the system crontab. This is not the "
"correct way to do things as the system crontab has a different format to the "
"per-user crontabs. The system crontab has an extra field, specifying which "
"user to run the command as. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> assumes this user is "
"the first word of the command to execute. Since no such command exists, this "
"error message is displayed."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3593
msgid "To delete the extra, incorrect crontab:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3595
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>crontab -r</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3601
msgid ""
"Why do I get the error, <errorname>you are not in the correct group to su "
"root</errorname> when I try to <command>su</command> to <systemitem class="
"\"username\">root</systemitem>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3607
msgid ""
"This is a security feature. In order to <command>su</command> to <systemitem "
"class=\"username\">root</systemitem>, or any other account with superuser "
"privileges, the user account must be a member of the <systemitem class="
"\"groupname\">wheel</systemitem> group. If this feature were not there, "
"anybody with an account on a system who also found out <systemitem class="
"\"username\">root</systemitem>'s password would be able to gain superuser "
"level access to the system."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3617
msgid ""
"To allow someone to <command>su</command> to <systemitem class="
"\"username\">root</systemitem>, put them in the <systemitem class="
"\"groupname\">wheel</systemitem> group using <command>pw</command>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3622
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>pw groupmod wheel -m lisa</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3624
msgid ""
"The above example will add user <systemitem class=\"username\">lisa</"
"systemitem> to the group <systemitem class=\"groupname\">wheel</systemitem>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3631
msgid ""
"I made a mistake in <filename>rc.conf</filename>, or another startup file, "
"and now I cannot edit it because the file system is read-only. What should I "
"do?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3637
msgid ""
"Restart the system using <userinput>boot -s</userinput> at the loader prompt "
"to enter single-user mode. When prompted for a shell pathname, press "
"<keycap>Enter</keycap> and run <command>mount -urw /</command> to re-mount "
"the root file system in read/write mode. You may also need to run "
"<command>mount -a -t ufs</command> to mount the file system where your "
"favorite editor is defined. If that editor is on a network file system, "
"either configure the network manually before mounting the network file "
"systems, or use an editor which resides on a local file system, such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3650
msgid ""
"In order to use a full screen editor such as "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> or <citerefentry vendor=\"ports\"><refentrytitle>emacs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, run <command>export "
"TERM=xterm</command> so that these editors can load the correct data from "
"the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>termcap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> database."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3656
msgid ""
"After performing these steps, edit <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> to fix "
"the syntax error. The error message displayed immediately after the kernel "
"boot messages should indicate the number of the line in the file which is at "
"fault."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3667
msgid "Why am I having trouble setting up my printer?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3671
msgid ""
"See the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/"
"handbook/printing.html\">Handbook entry on printing</link> for "
"troubleshooting tips."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3679
msgid "How can I correct the keyboard mappings for my system?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3684
msgid ""
"Refer to the Handbook section on <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/"
"en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/using-localization.html\">using localization</"
"link>, specifically the section on <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/"
"en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/using-localization.html#setting-"
"console\">console setup</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3692
msgid "Why can I not get user quotas to work properly?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:3698
msgid ""
"It is possible that the kernel is not configured to use quotas. In this "
"case, add the following line to the kernel configuration file and recompile "
"the kernel:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:3703
#, no-wrap
msgid "options QUOTA"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:3705
msgid ""
"Refer to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/"
"handbook/quotas.html\">Handbook entry on quotas</link> for full details."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:3710
msgid "Do not turn on quotas on <filename>/</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:3715
msgid ""
"Put the quota file on the file system that the quotas are to be enforced on:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:3722
msgid "File System"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:3724
msgid "Quota file"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:3730
msgid "<filename>/usr</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:3732
msgid "<filename>/usr/admin/quotas</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:3736
msgid "<filename>/home</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:3738
msgid "<filename>/home/admin/quotas</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: row/entry
#: book.translate.xml:3742 book.translate.xml:3744
msgid "…"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3756
msgid "Does FreeBSD support System V IPC primitives?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3760
msgid ""
"Yes, FreeBSD supports System V-style IPC, including shared memory, messages "
"and semaphores, in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel. With a custom "
"kernel, support may be loaded with the <filename>sysvshm.ko</filename>, "
"<filename>sysvsem.ko</filename> and <filename>sysvmsg.ko</filename> kernel "
"modules, or enabled in the custom kernel by adding the following lines to "
"the kernel configuration file:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:3770
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"options    SYSVSHM          # enable shared memory\n"
"options    SYSVSEM          # enable for semaphores\n"
"options    SYSVMSG          # enable for messaging"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3774
msgid "Recompile and install the kernel."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3780
msgid ""
"What other mail-server software can I use instead of <application>Sendmail</"
"application>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3785
msgid ""
"The <link xlink:href=\"http://www.sendmail.org/\"><application>Sendmail</"
"application></link> server is the default mail-server software for FreeBSD, "
"but it can be replaced with another MTA installed from the Ports Collection. "
"Available ports include <package>mail/exim</package>, <package>mail/postfix</"
"package>, and <package>mail/qmail</package>. Search the mailing lists for "
"discussions regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the available MTAs."
""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3799
msgid ""
"I have forgotten the <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> "
"password! What do I do?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3804
msgid ""
"Do not panic! Restart the system, type <userinput>boot -s</userinput> at the "
"<literal>Boot:</literal> prompt to enter single-user mode. At the question "
"about the shell to use, hit <keycap>Enter</keycap> which will display a "
"<prompt>#</prompt> prompt. Enter <command>mount -urw /</command> to remount "
"the root file system read/write, then run <command>mount -a</command> to "
"remount all the file systems. Run <command>passwd root</command> to change "
"the <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> password then run "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>exit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> to continue booting."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: note/para
#: book.translate.xml:3817
msgid ""
"If you are still prompted to give the <systemitem class=\"username\">root</"
"systemitem> password when entering the single-user mode, it means that the "
"console has been marked as <literal>insecure</literal> in <filename>/etc/"
"ttys</filename>. In this case, it will be required to boot from a FreeBSD "
"installation disk, choose the <guimenuitem>Live CD</guimenuitem> or "
"<guimenuitem>Shell</guimenuitem> at the beginning of the install process and "
"issue the commands mentioned above. Mount the specific partition in this "
"case and then chroot to it. For example, replace <command>mount -urw /</"
"command> with <command>mount /dev/ada0p1 /mnt; chroot /mnt</command> for a "
"system on <replaceable>ada0p1</replaceable>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: note/para
#: book.translate.xml:3834
msgid ""
"If the root partition cannot be mounted from single-user mode, it is "
"possible that the partitions are encrypted and it is impossible to mount "
"them without the access keys. For more information see the section about "
"encrypted disks in the FreeBSD <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/"
"en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks-encrypting.html\">Handbook</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3845
msgid ""
"How do I keep <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Control</"
"keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Delete</keycap></keycombo> from rebooting "
"the system?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3850
msgid ""
"When using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syscons</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, the default console driver, build and install a "
"new kernel with this line in the configuration file:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:3854
#, no-wrap
msgid "options SC_DISABLE_REBOOT"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3856
msgid ""
"This can also be done by setting the following "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> which does not require a reboot or kernel recompile:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3860
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl hw.syscons.kbd_reboot=0</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: note/para
#: book.translate.xml:3863
msgid ""
"The above two methods are exclusive: The "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> does not exist if the kernel is compiled with "
"<literal>SC_DISABLE_REBOOT</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3872
msgid ""
"How do I reformat DOS text files to <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</"
"trademark> ones?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3877
msgid ""
"Use this <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> command:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3879
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>perl -i.bak -npe 's/\\r\\n/\\n/g' file(s)</"
"userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3881
msgid ""
"where <replaceable>file(s)</replaceable> is one or more files to process. "
"The modification is done in-place, with the original file stored with a "
"<filename>.bak</filename> extension."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3886
msgid ""
"Alternatively, use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tr</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3888
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>tr -d '\\r' &lt; dos-text-file &gt; unix-file</"
"userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3890
msgid ""
"<replaceable>dos-text-file</replaceable> is the file containing DOS text "
"while <replaceable>unix-file</replaceable> will contain the converted output."
" This can be quite a bit faster than using <command>perl</command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3896
msgid ""
"Yet another way to reformat DOS text files is to use the <package>converters/"
"dosunix</package> port from the Ports Collection. Consult its documentation "
"about the details."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3905
msgid ""
"How do I re-read <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> and re-start <filename>/"
"etc/rc</filename> without a reboot?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3911
msgid "Go into single-user mode and then back to multi-user mode:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3914
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>shutdown now</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>return</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>exit</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3922
msgid ""
"I tried to update my system to the latest <emphasis>-STABLE</emphasis>, but "
"got <emphasis>-BETA<replaceable>x</replaceable></emphasis>, <emphasis>-RC</"
"emphasis> or <emphasis>-PRERELEASE</emphasis>! What is going on?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3931
msgid ""
"Short answer: it is just a name. <emphasis>RC</emphasis> stands for "
"<quote>Release Candidate</quote>. It signifies that a release is imminent. "
"In FreeBSD, <emphasis>-PRERELEASE</emphasis> is typically synonymous with "
"the code freeze before a release. (For some releases, the <emphasis>-BETA</"
"emphasis> label was used in the same way as <emphasis>-PRERELEASE</emphasis>."
")"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3940
msgid ""
"Long answer: FreeBSD derives its releases from one of two places. Major, dot-"
"zero, releases, such as 9.0-RELEASE are branched from the head of the "
"development stream, commonly referred to as <link linkend=\"current\">-"
"CURRENT</link>. Minor releases, such as 6.3-RELEASE or 5.2-RELEASE, have "
"been snapshots of the active <link linkend=\"stable\">-STABLE</link> branch. "
"Starting with 4.3-RELEASE, each release also now has its own branch which "
"can be tracked by people requiring an extremely conservative rate of "
"development (typically only security advisories)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3951
msgid ""
"When a release is about to be made, the branch from which it will be derived "
"from has to undergo a certain process. Part of this process is a code freeze."
" When a code freeze is initiated, the name of the branch is changed to "
"reflect that it is about to become a release. For example, if the branch "
"used to be called 6.2-STABLE, its name will be changed to 6.3-PRERELEASE to "
"signify the code freeze and signify that extra pre-release testing should be "
"happening. Bug fixes can still be committed to be part of the release. When "
"the source code is in shape for the release the name will be changed to 6.3-"
"RC to signify that a release is about to be made from it. Once in the RC "
"stage, only the most critical bugs found can be fixed. Once the release (6.3-"
"RELEASE in this example) and release branch have been made, the branch will "
"be renamed to 6.3-STABLE."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3968
msgid ""
"For more information on version numbers and the various Subversion branches, "
"refer to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/"
"articles/releng/article.html\">Release Engineering</link> article."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:3976
msgid ""
"I tried to install a new kernel, and the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chflags</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> failed. How do I get around this?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3981
msgid ""
"Short answer: the security level is greater than 0. Reboot directly to "
"single-user mode to install the kernel."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3985
msgid ""
"Long answer: FreeBSD disallows changing system flags at security levels "
"greater than 0. To check the current security level:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:3989 book.translate.xml:4018
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl kern.securelevel</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:3991
msgid ""
"The security level cannot be lowered in multi-user mode, so boot to single-"
"user mode to install the kernel, or change the security level in <filename>/"
"etc/rc.conf</filename> then reboot. See the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> manual page for details on <literal>securelevel</literal>, and "
"see <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> and the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rc.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> manual page for more information on <filename>rc."
"conf</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4005
msgid ""
"I cannot change the time on my system by more than one second! How do I get "
"around this?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4010
msgid ""
"Short answer: the system is at a security level greater than 1. Reboot "
"directly to single-user mode to change the date."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4014
msgid ""
"Long answer: FreeBSD disallows changing the time by more that one second at "
"security levels greater than 1. To check the security level:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4020
msgid ""
"The security level cannot be lowered in multi-user mode. Either boot to "
"single-user mode to change the date or change the security level in "
"<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> and reboot. See the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> manual page for details on <literal>securelevel</literal>, and "
"see <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> and the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rc.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> manual page for more information on <filename>rc."
"conf</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4034
msgid "Why is <command>rpc.statd</command> using 256 MB of memory?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4039
msgid ""
"No, there is no memory leak, and it is not using 256 MB of memory. For "
"convenience, <command>rpc.statd</command> maps an obscene amount of memory "
"into its address space. There is nothing terribly wrong with this from a "
"technical standpoint; it just throws off things like "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4046
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rpc.statd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> maps its status file (resident on <filename>/var</"
"filename>) into its address space; to save worrying about remapping the "
"status file later when it needs to grow, it maps the status file with a "
"generous size. This is very evident from the source code, where one can see "
"that the length argument to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mmap</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> is "
"<literal>0x10000000</literal>, or one sixteenth of the address space on an "
"IA32, or exactly 256 MB."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4059
msgid "Why can I not unset the <literal>schg</literal> file flag?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4064
msgid ""
"The system is running at securelevel greater than 0. Lower the securelevel "
"and try again. For more information, see <link linkend=\"securelevel\">the "
"<acronym>FAQ</acronym> entry on securelevel</link> and the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> manual page."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4074
msgid "What is <literal>vnlru</literal>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4078
msgid ""
"<literal>vnlru</literal> flushes and frees vnodes when the system hits the "
"<varname>kern.maxvnodes</varname> limit. This kernel thread sits mostly "
"idle, and only activates when there is a huge amount of RAM and users are "
"accessing tens of thousands of tiny files."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4088
msgid ""
"What do the various memory states displayed by <command>top</command> mean?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:4096
msgid "<literal>Active</literal>: pages recently statistically used."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:4101
msgid "<literal>Inactive</literal>: pages recently statistically unused."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:4106
msgid ""
"<literal>Cache</literal>: (most often) pages that have percolated from "
"inactive to a status where they maintain their data, but can often be "
"immediately reused (either with their old association, or reused with a new "
"association). There can be certain immediate transitions from "
"<literal>active</literal> to <literal>cache</literal> state if the page is "
"known to be clean (unmodified), but that transition is a matter of policy, "
"depending upon the algorithm choice of the VM system maintainer."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:4119
msgid ""
"<literal>Free</literal>: pages without data content, and can be immediately "
"used in certain circumstances where cache pages might be ineligible. Free "
"pages can be reused at interrupt or process state."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:4127
msgid ""
"<literal>Wired</literal>: pages that are fixed into memory, usually for "
"kernel purposes, but also sometimes for special use in processes."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4133
msgid ""
"Pages are most often written to disk (sort of a VM sync) when they are in "
"the inactive state, but active pages can also be synced. This depends upon "
"the CPU tracking of the modified bit being available, and in certain "
"situations there can be an advantage for a block of VM pages to be synced, "
"whether they are active or inactive. In most common cases, it is best to "
"think of the inactive queue to be a queue of relatively unused pages that "
"might or might not be in the process of being written to disk. Cached pages "
"are already synced, not mapped, but available for immediate process use with "
"their old association or with a new association. Free pages are available at "
"interrupt level, but cached or free pages can be used at process state for "
"reuse. Cache pages are not adequately locked to be available at interrupt "
"level."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4150
msgid ""
"There are some other flags (e.g., busy flag or busy count) that might modify "
"some of the described rules."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4158
msgid "How much free memory is available?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4163
msgid ""
"There are a couple of kinds of <quote>free memory</quote>. One kind is the "
"amount of memory immediately available without paging anything else out. "
"That is approximately the size of cache queue + size of free queue (with a "
"derating factor, depending upon system tuning). Another kind of <quote>free "
"memory</quote> is the total amount of <acronym>VM</acronym> space. That can "
"be complex, but is dependent upon the amount of swap space and memory. Other "
"kinds of <quote>free memory</quote> descriptions are also possible, but it "
"is relatively useless to define these, but rather it is important to make "
"sure that the paging rate is kept low, and to avoid running out of swap "
"space."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4181
msgid "What is <filename>/var/empty</filename>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4185
msgid ""
"<filename>/var/empty</filename> is a directory that the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> program uses when performing privilege separation. The "
"<filename>/var/empty</filename> directory is empty, owned by <systemitem "
"class=\"username\">root</systemitem> and has the <literal>schg</literal> "
"flag set. This directory should not be deleted."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4196
msgid ""
"I just changed <filename>/etc/newsyslog.conf</filename>. How can I check if "
"it does what I expect?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4202
msgid ""
"To see what <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newsyslog</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> will do, use the "
"following:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:4205
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>newsyslog -nrvv</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4211
msgid "My time is wrong, how can I change the timezone?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4216
msgid ""
"Use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tzsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:4223
msgid "The X Window System and Virtual Consoles"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4228
msgid "What is the X Window System?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4232
msgid ""
"The X Window System (commonly <literal>X11</literal>) is the most widely "
"available windowing system capable of running on <trademark class="
"\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> or <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</"
"trademark> like systems, including FreeBSD. <link xlink:href=\"http://www.x."
"org/wiki/\">The X.Org Foundation</link> administers the <link xlink:href="
"\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System_core_protocol\">X protocol "
"standards</link>, with the current reference implementation, version 11 "
"release 7.7, so references are often shortened to <literal>X11</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4242
msgid ""
"Many implementations are available for different architectures and operating "
"systems. An implementation of the server-side code is properly known as an "
"<literal>X server</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4251
msgid "I want to run Xorg, how do I go about it?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4255
msgid "To install Xorg do one of the following:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4257
msgid ""
"Use the <package>x11/xorg</package> meta-port, which builds and installs "
"every Xorg component."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4261
msgid ""
"Use <package>x11/xorg-minimal</package>, which builds and installs only the "
"necessary Xorg components."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4264
msgid "Install Xorg from FreeBSD packages:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:4266
#, no-wrap
msgid "<userinput><prompt>#</prompt> pkg install xorg</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4268
msgid ""
"After the installation of Xorg, follow the instructions from the <link xlink:"
"href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/x-config."
"html\">X11 Configuration</link> section of the FreeBSD Handbook."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4277
msgid ""
"I <emphasis>tried</emphasis> to run X, but I get a <errorname>No devices "
"detected.</errorname> error when I type <command>startx</command>. What do I "
"do now?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4283
msgid ""
"The system is probably running at a raised <literal>securelevel</literal>. "
"It is not possible to start X at a raised <literal>securelevel</literal> "
"because X requires write access to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>io</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>. For more information, "
"see at the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> manual page."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4289
msgid ""
"There are two solutions to the problem: set the <literal>securelevel</"
"literal> back down to zero or run <citerefentry vendor="
"\"xfree86\"><refentrytitle>xdm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> (or an alternative display manager) at boot time before the "
"<literal>securelevel</literal> is raised."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4295
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"xdm-boot\"/> for more information about running "
"<citerefentry vendor=\"xfree86\"><refentrytitle>xdm</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> at boot time."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4302
msgid "Why does my mouse not work with X?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4306
msgid ""
"When using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syscons</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, the default console driver, FreeBSD can be "
"configured to support a mouse pointer on each virtual screen. To avoid "
"conflicting with X, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syscons</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> supports a virtual "
"device called <filename>/dev/sysmouse</filename>. All mouse events received "
"from the real mouse device are written to the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysmouse</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> device via <citerefentry><refentrytitle>moused</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. To use the mouse on "
"one or more virtual consoles, <emphasis>and</emphasis> use X, see <xref "
"linkend=\"moused\" remap=\"another section\"/> and set up "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>moused</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4317
msgid ""
"Then edit <filename>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</filename> and make sure the "
"following lines exist:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4320
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Section \"InputDevice\"\n"
"   Option          \"Protocol\" \"SysMouse\"\n"
"   Option          \"Device\" \"/dev/sysmouse\"\n"
"....."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4325
msgid ""
"Starting with Xorg version 7.4, the <literal>InputDevice</literal> sections "
"in <filename>xorg.conf</filename> are ignored in favor of autodetected "
"devices. To restore the old behavior, add the following line to the "
"<literal>ServerLayout</literal> or <literal>ServerFlags</literal> section:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4332
#, no-wrap
msgid "Option \"AutoAddDevices\" \"false\""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4334
msgid ""
"Some people prefer to use <filename>/dev/mouse</filename> under X. To make "
"this work, <filename>/dev/mouse</filename> should be linked to <filename>/"
"dev/sysmouse</filename> (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysmouse</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>) by adding the "
"following line to <filename>/etc/devfs.conf</filename> (see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>devfs.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>):"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4342
#, no-wrap
msgid "link    sysmouse    mouse"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4344
msgid ""
"This link can be created by restarting <citerefentry vendor="
"\"current\"><refentrytitle>devfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> with the following command (as <systemitem class="
"\"username\">root</systemitem>):"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:4347
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>service devfs restart</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4353
msgid "My mouse has a fancy wheel. Can I use it in X?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4357
msgid ""
"Yes, if X is configured for a 5 button mouse. To do this, add the lines "
"<literal>Buttons 5</literal> and <literal>ZAxisMapping 4 5</literal> to the "
"<quote>InputDevice</quote> section of <filename>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</"
"filename>, as seen in this example:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4364
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Section \"InputDevice\"\n"
"   Identifier      \"Mouse1\"\n"
"   Driver          \"mouse\"\n"
"   Option          \"Protocol\" \"auto\"\n"
"   Option          \"Device\" \"/dev/sysmouse\"\n"
"   Option          \"Buttons\" \"5\"\n"
"   Option          \"ZAxisMapping\" \"4 5\"\n"
"EndSection"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4373
msgid ""
"The mouse can be enabled in <application>Emacs</application>by adding these "
"lines to <filename>~/.emacs</filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4377
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
";; wheel mouse\n"
"(global-set-key [mouse-4] 'scroll-down)\n"
"(global-set-key [mouse-5] 'scroll-up)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4385
msgid "My laptop has a Synaptics touchpad. Can I use it in X?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4390
msgid "Yes, after configuring a few things to make it work."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4393
msgid ""
"In order to use the Xorg synaptics driver, first remove "
"<literal>moused_enable</literal> from <filename>rc.conf</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4397
msgid ""
"To enable synaptics, add the following line to <filename>/boot/loader.conf</"
"filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4400
#, no-wrap
msgid "hw.psm.synaptics_support=\"1\""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4402
msgid "Add the following to <filename>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4405
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Section \"InputDevice\"\n"
"Identifier  \"Touchpad0\"\n"
"Driver      \"synaptics\"\n"
"Option      \"Protocol\" \"psm\"\n"
"Option      \"Device\" \"/dev/psm0\"\n"
"EndSection"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4412
msgid ""
"And be sure to add the following into the <quote>ServerLayout</quote> "
"section:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4415
#, no-wrap
msgid "InputDevice    \"Touchpad0\" \"SendCoreEvents\""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4421
msgid "How do I use remote X displays?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4425
msgid ""
"For security reasons, the default setting is to not allow a machine to "
"remotely open a window."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4428
msgid ""
"To enable this feature, start <application>X</application> with the optional "
"<option>-listen_tcp</option> argument:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:4432
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>startx -listen_tcp</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4438
msgid "What is a virtual console and how do I make more?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4443
msgid ""
"Virtual consoles provide several simultaneous sessions on the same machine "
"without doing anything complicated like setting up a network or running X."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4448
msgid ""
"When the system starts, it will display a login prompt on the monitor after "
"displaying all the boot messages. Type in your login name and password to "
"start working on the first virtual console."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4454
msgid ""
"To start another session, perhaps to look at documentation for a program or "
"to read mail while waiting for an FTP transfer to finish, hold down "
"<keycap>Alt</keycap> and press <keycap>F2</keycap>. This will display the "
"login prompt for the second virtual console. To go back to the original "
"session, press <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</"
"keycap></keycombo>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4464
msgid ""
"The default FreeBSD installation has eight virtual consoles enabled. "
"<keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></"
"keycombo>, <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</"
"keycap></keycombo>, <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Alt</"
"keycap><keycap>F3</keycap></keycombo>, and so on will switch between these "
"virtual consoles."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4471
msgid ""
"To enable more of virtual consoles, edit <filename>/etc/ttys</filename> (see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ttys</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>) and add entries for <filename>ttyv8</filename> to "
"<filename>ttyvc</filename>, after the comment on <quote>Virtual terminals</"
"quote>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4477
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# Edit the existing entry for ttyv8 in /etc/ttys and change\n"
"# \"off\" to \"on\".\n"
"ttyv8   \"/usr/libexec/getty Pc\"         xterm  on secure\n"
"ttyv9   \"/usr/libexec/getty Pc\"         xterm  on secure\n"
"ttyva   \"/usr/libexec/getty Pc\"         xterm  on secure\n"
"ttyvb   \"/usr/libexec/getty Pc\"         xterm  on secure"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4484
msgid ""
"The more virtual terminals, the more resources that are used. This can be "
"problematic on systems with 8 MB RAM or less. Consider changing "
"<literal>secure</literal> to <literal>insecure</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: important/para
#: book.translate.xml:4491
msgid ""
"In order to run an X server, at least one virtual terminal must be left to "
"<literal>off</literal> for it to use. This means that only eleven of the Alt-"
"function keys can be used as virtual consoles so that one is left for the X "
"server."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4498
msgid ""
"For example, to run X and eleven virtual consoles, the setting for virtual "
"terminal 12 should be:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4501
#, no-wrap
msgid "ttyvb   \"/usr/libexec/getty Pc\"         xterm  off secure"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4503
msgid "The easiest way to activate the virtual consoles is to reboot."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4510
msgid "How do I access the virtual consoles from X?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4514
msgid ""
"Use <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</"
"keycap><keycap>F<replaceable>n</replaceable></keycap></keycombo> to switch "
"back to a virtual console. Press <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Ctrl</"
"keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo> to return to the "
"first virtual console."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4518
msgid ""
"Once at a text console, use <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Alt</"
"keycap><keycap>F<replaceable>n</replaceable></keycap></keycombo> to move "
"between them."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4522
msgid ""
"To return to the X session, switch to the virtual console running X. If X "
"was started from the command line using <command>startx</command>, the X "
"session will attach to the next unused virtual console, not the text console "
"from which it was invoked. For eight active virtual terminals, X will run on "
"the ninth, so use <keycombo action=\"simul\"><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F9</"
"keycap></keycombo>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4534
msgid "How do I start <application>XDM</application> on boot?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4539
msgid ""
"There are two schools of thought on how to start <citerefentry vendor="
"\"xfree86\"><refentrytitle>xdm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>. One school starts <command>xdm</command> from <filename>/etc/"
"ttys</filename> (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ttys</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) using the supplied "
"example, while the other runs <command>xdm</command> from <filename>rc."
"local</filename> (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rc</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>) or from an "
"<filename>X</filename> script in <filename>/usr/local/etc/rc.d</filename>. "
"Both are equally valid, and one may work in situations where the other does "
"not. In both cases the result is the same: X will pop up a graphical login "
"prompt."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4551
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ttys</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> method has the advantage of documenting which vty "
"X will start on and passing the responsibility of restarting the X server on "
"logout to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>. The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rc</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> method makes it easy "
"to <command>kill</command> <command>xdm</command> if there is a problem "
"starting the X server."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4558
msgid ""
"If loaded from <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <command>xdm</command> should be started without "
"any arguments. <command>xdm</command> must start <emphasis>after</emphasis> "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> runs, or else <command>getty</command> and <command>xdm</"
"command> will conflict, locking out the console. The best way around this is "
"to have the script sleep 10 seconds or so then launch <command>xdm</command>."
""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4567
msgid ""
"When starting <command>xdm</command> from <filename>/etc/ttys</filename>, "
"there still is a chance of conflict between <command>xdm</command> and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>. One way to avoid this is to add the <literal>vt</literal> "
"number in <filename>/usr/local/lib/X11/xdm/Xservers</filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4574
#, no-wrap
msgid ":0 local /usr/local/bin/X vt4"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4576
msgid ""
"The above example will direct the X server to run in <filename>/dev/ttyv3</"
"filename>. Note the number is offset by one. The X server counts the vty "
"from one, whereas the FreeBSD kernel numbers the vty from zero."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4585
msgid ""
"Why do I get <errorname>Couldn't open console</errorname> when I run "
"<command>xconsole</command>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4591
msgid ""
"When <application>X</application> is started with <command>startx</command>, "
"the permissions on <filename>/dev/console</filename> will <emphasis>not</"
"emphasis> get changed, resulting in things like <command>xterm -C</command> "
"and <command>xconsole</command> not working."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4598
msgid ""
"This is because of the way console permissions are set by default. On a "
"multi-user system, one does not necessarily want just any user to be able to "
"write on the system console. For users who are logging directly onto a "
"machine with a VTY, the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fbtab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> file exists to solve "
"such problems."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4605
msgid ""
"In a nutshell, make sure an uncommented line of the form is in <filename>/"
"etc/fbtab</filename> (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fbtab</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>):"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4609
#, no-wrap
msgid "/dev/ttyv0 0600 /dev/console"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4611
msgid ""
"It will ensure that whomever logs in on <filename>/dev/ttyv0</filename> will "
"own the console."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4619
msgid "Why does my PS/2 mouse misbehave under X?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4623
msgid ""
"The mouse and the mouse driver may have become out of synchronization. In "
"rare cases, the driver may also erroneously report synchronization errors:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4627
#, no-wrap
msgid "psmintr: out of sync (xxxx != yyyy)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4629
msgid ""
"If this happens, disable the synchronization check code by setting the "
"driver flags for the PS/2 mouse driver to <literal>0x100</literal>. This can "
"be easiest achieved by adding <literal>hint.psm.0.flags=\"0x100\"</literal> "
"to <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> and rebooting."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4640
msgid "How do I reverse the mouse buttons?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4644
msgid ""
"Type <command>xmodmap -e \"pointer = 3 2 1\"</command>. Add this command to "
"<filename>~/.xinitrc</filename> or <filename>~/.xsession</filename> to make "
"it happen automatically."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4654
msgid "How do I install a splash screen and where do I find them?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4659
msgid ""
"The detailed answer for this question can be found in the <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/boot-splash."
"html\">Boot Time Splash Screens</link> section of the FreeBSD Handbook."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4668
msgid "Can I use the <keycap>Windows</keycap> keys on my keyboard in X?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4673
msgid ""
"Yes. Use <citerefentry vendor=\"xfree86\"><refentrytitle>xmodmap</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to define which "
"functions the keys should perform."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4676
msgid ""
"Assuming all Windows keyboards are standard, the keycodes for these three "
"keys are the following:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:4682
msgid ""
"<keycode>115</keycode> — <keycap>Windows</keycap> key, between the left-hand "
"<keycap>Ctrl</keycap> and <keycap>Alt</keycap> keys"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:4689
msgid ""
"<keycode>116</keycode> — <keycap>Windows</keycap> key, to the right of "
"<keycap>AltGr</keycap>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:4695
msgid ""
"<keycode>117</keycode> — <keycap>Menu</keycap>, to the left of the right-"
"hand <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4701
msgid "To have the left <keycap>Windows</keycap> key print a comma, try this."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:4704
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>xmodmap -e \"keycode 115 = comma\"</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4706
msgid ""
"To have the <keycap>Windows</keycap> key-mappings enabled automatically "
"every time X is started, either put the <command>xmodmap</command> commands "
"in <filename>~/.xinitrc</filename> or, preferably, create a <filename>~/."
"xmodmaprc</filename> and include the <command>xmodmap</command> options, one "
"per line, then add the following line to <filename>~/.xinitrc</filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4715
#, no-wrap
msgid "xmodmap $HOME/.xmodmaprc"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4717
msgid ""
"For example, to map the 3 keys to be <keycap>F13</keycap>, <keycap>F14</"
"keycap>, and <keycap>F15</keycap>, respectively. This would make it easy to "
"map them to useful functions within applications or the window manager."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4723
msgid "To do this, put the following in <filename>~/.xmodmaprc</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4726
#, no-wrap
msgid "keycode 115 = F13\n"
"keycode 116 = F14\n"
"keycode 117 = F15"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4730
msgid ""
"For the <package>x11-wm/fvwm2</package> desktop manager, one could map the "
"keys so that <keycap>F13</keycap> iconifies or de-iconifies the window the "
"cursor is in, <keycap>F14</keycap> brings the window the cursor is in to the "
"front or, if it is already at the front, pushes it to the back, and "
"<keycap>F15</keycap> pops up the main Workplace menu even if the cursor is "
"not on the desktop, which is useful when no part of the desktop is visible."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4741
msgid ""
"The following entries in <filename>~/.fvwmrc</filename> implement the "
"aforementioned setup:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:4745
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Key F13        FTIWS    A        Iconify\n"
"Key F14        FTIWS    A        RaiseLower\n"
"Key F15        A        A        Menu Workplace Nop"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4753
msgid ""
"How can I get 3D hardware acceleration for <trademark class="
"\"registered\">OpenGL</trademark>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4758
msgid ""
"The availability of 3D acceleration depends on the version of Xorg and the "
"type of video chip. For an nVidia chip, use the binary drivers provided for "
"FreeBSD by installing one of the following ports:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4764
msgid ""
"The latest versions of nVidia cards are supported by the <package>x11/nvidia-"
"driver</package> port."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4768
msgid ""
"Older drivers are available as <package>x11/nvidia-driver-<replaceable>###</"
"replaceable></package>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4771
msgid ""
"nVidia provides detailed information on which card is supported by which "
"driver on their web site: <uri xlink:href=\"http://www.nvidia.com/object/"
"IO_32667.html\">http://www.nvidia.com/object/IO_32667.html</uri>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4774
msgid ""
"For Matrox G200/G400, check the <package>x11-drivers/xf86-video-mga</"
"package> port."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4778
msgid ""
"For ATI Rage 128 and Radeon see <citerefentry vendor="
"\"xorg\"><refentrytitle>ati</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>, <citerefentry vendor=\"xorg\"><refentrytitle>r128</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry "
"vendor=\"xorg\"><refentrytitle>radeon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:4786
msgid "Networking"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4791
msgid "Where can I get information on <quote>diskless booting</quote>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4796
msgid ""
"<quote>Diskless booting</quote> means that the FreeBSD box is booted over a "
"network, and reads the necessary files from a server instead of its hard "
"disk. For full details, see <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US."
"ISO8859-1/books/handbook/network-diskless.html\">the Handbook entry on "
"diskless booting</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4806
msgid "Can a FreeBSD box be used as a dedicated network router?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4811
msgid ""
"Yes. Refer to the Handbook entry on <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/"
"en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/advanced-networking.html\">advanced "
"networking</link>, specifically the section on <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/network-routing."
"html\">routing and gateways</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4819
msgid ""
"Can I connect my <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</trademark> box to "
"the Internet via FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4824
msgid ""
"Typically, people who ask this question have two PCs at home, one with "
"FreeBSD and one with some version of <trademark class="
"\"registered\">Windows</trademark> the idea is to use the FreeBSD box to "
"connect to the Internet and then be able to access the Internet from the "
"<trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</trademark> box through the FreeBSD "
"box. This is really just a special case of the previous question and works "
"perfectly well."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4832
msgid ""
"Dialup users must use <option>-nat</option> and set <literal>gateway_enable</"
"literal> to <emphasis>YES</emphasis> in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. "
"For more information, refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> or the <link xlink:"
"href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/userppp."
"html\">Handbook entry on user PPP</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4839
msgid ""
"If the connection to the Internet is over Ethernet, use "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>natd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>. A tutorial can be found in the <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/firewalls-ipfw."
"html#network-natd\">natd</link> section of the Handbook."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4847
msgid "Does FreeBSD support PPP?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4851
msgid ""
"Yes. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> provides support for both incoming and outgoing "
"connections."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4854
msgid ""
"For more information on how to use this, refer to the <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ppp-and-slip."
"html\">Handbook chapter on PPP</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4862
msgid "Does FreeBSD support NAT or Masquerading?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4866
msgid ""
"Yes. For instructions on how to use NAT over a PPP connection, see the <link "
"xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/userppp."
"html\">Handbook entry on PPP</link>. To use NAT over some other sort of "
"network connection, look at the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/"
"en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/firewalls-ipfw.html#network-natd\">natd</"
"link> section of the Handbook."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4877
msgid "How can I set up Ethernet aliases?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4881
msgid ""
"If the alias is on the same subnet as an address already configured on the "
"interface, add <literal>netmask 0xffffffff</literal> to this command:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:4886
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>ifconfig <replaceable>ed0</replaceable> alias "
"<replaceable>192.0.2.2 </replaceable>netmask 0xffffffff</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4888
msgid "Otherwise, specify the network address and netmask as usual:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:4891
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>ifconfig <replaceable>ed0</replaceable> alias "
"<replaceable>172.16.141.5</replaceable> netmask 0xffffff00</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4893
msgid ""
"More information can be found in the FreeBSD <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/configtuning-virtual-"
"hosts.html\">Handbook</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4899
msgid ""
"Why can I not NFS-mount from a <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</"
"trademark> box?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4903
msgid ""
"Some versions of the <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> NFS "
"code only accept mount requests from a privileged port; try to issue the "
"following command:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:4907
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount -o -P linuxbox:/blah /mnt</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4913
msgid ""
"Why does <command>mountd</command> keep telling me it <errorname>can't "
"change attributes</errorname> and that I have a <errorname>bad exports list</"
"errorname> on my FreeBSD NFS server?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4920
msgid ""
"The most frequent problem is not understanding the correct format of "
"<filename>/etc/exports</filename>. Review "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>exports</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/"
"en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/network-nfs.html\">NFS</link> entry in the "
"Handbook, especially the section on <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/"
"en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/network-nfs.html#configuring-"
"nfs\">configuring NFS</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4930
msgid "How do I enable IP multicast support?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4934
msgid ""
"Install the <package>net/mrouted</package> package or port and add "
"<literal>mrouted_enable=\"YES\"</literal> to <filename>/etc/rc.conf</"
"filename> start this service at boot time."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4944
msgid "Why do I have to use the FQDN for hosts on my site?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4949
msgid ""
"See the answer in the FreeBSD <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US."
"ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mail-trouble.html\">Handbook</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4955
msgid ""
"Why do I get an error, <errorname>Permission denied</errorname>, for all "
"networking operations?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4961
msgid ""
"If the kernel is compiled with the <literal>IPFIREWALL</literal> option, be "
"aware that the default policy is to deny all packets that are not explicitly "
"allowed."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4966
msgid ""
"If the firewall is unintentionally misconfigured, restore network "
"operability by typing the following as <systemitem class=\"username\">root</"
"systemitem>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:4970
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>ipfw add 65534 allow all from any to any</"
"userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4972
msgid ""
"Consider setting <literal>firewall_type=\"open\"</literal> in <filename>/etc/"
"rc.conf</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4976
msgid ""
"For further information on configuring this firewall, see the <link xlink:"
"href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/firewalls-ipfw."
"html\">Handbook chapter</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:4984
msgid ""
"Why is my <command>ipfw</command> <quote>fwd</quote> rule to redirect a "
"service to another machine not working?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4990
msgid ""
"Possibly because network address translation (NAT) is needed instead of just "
"forwarding packets. A <quote>fwd</quote> rule only forwards packets, it does "
"not actually change the data inside the packet. Consider this rule:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:4996
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"01000 fwd <replaceable>10.0.0.1</replaceable> from any to <replaceable>foo "
"21</replaceable>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:4998
msgid ""
"When a packet with a destination address of <replaceable>foo</replaceable> "
"arrives at the machine with this rule, the packet is forwarded to "
"<replaceable>10.0.0.1</replaceable>, but it still has the destination "
"address of <replaceable>foo</replaceable>. The destination address of the "
"packet is not changed to <replaceable>10.0.0.1</replaceable>. Most machines "
"would probably drop a packet that they receive with a destination address "
"that is not their own. Therefore, using a <quote>fwd</quote> rule does not "
"often work the way the user expects. This behavior is a feature and not a "
"bug."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5012
msgid ""
"See the <link linkend=\"service-redirect\"><acronym>FAQ</acronym> about "
"redirecting services</link>, the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>natd</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> manual, or one of the "
"several port redirecting utilities in the <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/ports/index.html\">Ports Collection</link> for a correct "
"way to do this."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5021
msgid "How can I redirect service requests from one machine to another?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5026
msgid ""
"FTP and other service requests can be redirected with the <package>sysutils/"
"socket</package> package or port. Replace the entry for the service in "
"<filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename> to call <command>socket</command>, as "
"seen in this example for <application>ftpd</application>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5033
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"ftp stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/local/bin/socket socket <replaceable>ftp."
"example.com</replaceable> <replaceable>ftp</replaceable>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5035
msgid ""
"where <replaceable>ftp.example.com</replaceable> and <replaceable>ftp</"
"replaceable> are the host and port to redirect to, respectively."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5043
msgid "Where can I get a bandwidth management tool?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5047
msgid ""
"There are three bandwidth management tools available for FreeBSD. "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dummynet</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> is integrated into FreeBSD as part of "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ipfw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>. <link xlink:href=\"http://www.sonycsl.co.jp/person/kjc/"
"programs.html\">ALTQ</link> has been integrated into FreeBSD as part of "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>. Bandwidth Manager from <link xlink:href=\"http://www.etinc."
"com/\">Emerging Technologies</link> is a commercial product."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5058
msgid "Why do I get <errorname>/dev/bpf0: device not configured</errorname>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5063
msgid ""
"The running application requires the Berkeley Packet Filter "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bpf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>), but it was removed from a custom kernel. Add this to the "
"kernel config file and build a new kernel:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5068
#, no-wrap
msgid "device bpf        # Berkeley Packet Filter"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5074
msgid ""
"How do I mount a disk from a <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</"
"trademark> machine that is on my network, like smbmount in <trademark class="
"\"registered\">Linux</trademark>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5079
msgid ""
"Use the <application>SMBFS</application> toolset. It includes a set of "
"kernel modifications and a set of userland programs. The programs and "
"information are available as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount_smbfs</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> in the base system."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5089
msgid ""
"What are these messages about: <errorname>Limiting icmp/open port/closed "
"port response</errorname> in my log files?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5095
msgid ""
"This kernel message indicates that some activity is provoking it to send a "
"large amount of ICMP or TCP reset (RST) responses. ICMP responses are often "
"generated as a result of attempted connections to unused UDP ports. TCP "
"resets are generated as a result of attempted connections to unopened TCP "
"ports. Among others, these are the kinds of activities which may cause these "
"messages:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5106
msgid ""
"Brute-force denial of service (DoS) attacks (as opposed to single-packet "
"attacks which exploit a specific vulnerability)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5112
msgid ""
"Port scans which attempt to connect to a large number of ports (as opposed "
"to only trying a few well-known ports)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5118
msgid ""
"The first number in the message indicates how many packets the kernel would "
"have sent if the limit was not in place, and the second indicates the limit. "
"This limit is controlled using <varname>net.inet.icmp.icmplim</varname>. "
"This example sets the limit to <literal>300</literal> packets per second:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:5126
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl net.inet.icmp.icmplim=300</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5128
msgid ""
"To disable these messages without disabling response limiting, use "
"<varname>net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output</varname> to disable the output:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:5134
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output=0</"
"userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5136
msgid ""
"Finally, to disable response limiting completely, set <varname>net.inet.icmp."
"icmplim</varname> to <literal>0</literal>. Disabling response limiting is "
"discouraged for the reasons listed above."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5145
msgid ""
"What are these <errorname>arp: unknown hardware address format</errorname> "
"error messages?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5150
msgid ""
"This means that some device on the local Ethernet is using a MAC address in "
"a format that FreeBSD does not recognize. This is probably caused by someone "
"experimenting with an Ethernet card somewhere else on the network. This is "
"most commonly seen on cable modem networks. It is harmless, and should not "
"affect the performance of the FreeBSD system."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5162
msgid ""
"Why do I keep seeing messages like: <errorname>192.168.0.10 is on fxp1 but "
"got reply from 00:15:17:67:cf:82 on rl0</errorname>, and how do I disable "
"it?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5169
msgid ""
"Because a packet is coming from outside the network unexpectedly. To disable "
"them, set <varname>net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_wrong_iface</varname> to "
"<literal>0</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5178
msgid "How do I compile an IPv6 only kernel?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: para/screen
#: book.translate.xml:5184
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"include GENERIC\n"
"ident GENERIC-IPV6ONLY\n"
"makeoptions MKMODULESENV+=\"WITHOUT_INET_SUPPORT=\"\n"
"nooptions INET\n"
"nodevice gre"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5182
msgid "Configure your kernel with these settings: <_:screen-1/>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:5195
msgid "Security"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5200
msgid "What is a sandbox?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5203
msgid "<quote>Sandbox</quote> is a security term. It can mean two things:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5208
msgid ""
"A process which is placed inside a set of virtual walls that are designed to "
"prevent someone who breaks into the process from being able to break into "
"the wider system."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5213
msgid ""
"The process is only able to run inside the walls. Since nothing the process "
"does in regards to executing code is supposed to be able to breach the "
"walls, a detailed audit of its code is not needed in order to be able to say "
"certain things about its security."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5220
msgid ""
"The walls might be a user ID, for example. This is the definition used in "
"the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>security</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>named</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> man pages."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5224
msgid ""
"Take the <literal>ntalk</literal> service, for example (see "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>). This service used to run as user ID <systemitem class="
"\"username\">root</systemitem>. Now it runs as user ID <systemitem class="
"\"username\">tty</systemitem>. The <systemitem class=\"username\">tty</"
"systemitem> user is a sandbox designed to make it more difficult for someone "
"who has successfully hacked into the system via <literal>ntalk</literal> "
"from being able to hack beyond that user ID."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5235
msgid ""
"A process which is placed inside a simulation of the machine. It means that "
"someone who is able to break into the process may believe that he can break "
"into the wider machine but is, in fact, only breaking into a simulation of "
"that machine and not modifying any real data."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5242
msgid ""
"The most common way to accomplish this is to build a simulated environment "
"in a subdirectory and then run the processes in that directory chrooted so "
"that <filename>/</filename> for that process is this directory, not the real "
"<filename>/</filename> of the system)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5249
msgid ""
"Another common use is to mount an underlying file system read-only and then "
"create a file system layer on top of it that gives a process a seemingly "
"writeable view into that file system. The process may believe it is able to "
"write to those files, but only the process sees the effects — other "
"processes in the system do not, necessarily."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5257
msgid ""
"An attempt is made to make this sort of sandbox so transparent that the user "
"(or hacker) does not realize that he is sitting in it."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5263
msgid ""
"<trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> implements two core "
"sandboxes. One is at the process level, and one is at the userid level."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5266
msgid ""
"Every <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> process is completely "
"firewalled off from every other <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</"
"trademark> process. One process cannot modify the address space of another."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5270
msgid ""
"A <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> process is owned by a "
"particular userid. If the user ID is not the <systemitem class="
"\"username\">root</systemitem> user, it serves to firewall the process off "
"from processes owned by other users. The user ID is also used to firewall "
"off on-disk data."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5280
msgid "What is securelevel?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5284
msgid ""
"<literal>securelevel</literal> is a security mechanism implemented in the "
"kernel. When the securelevel is positive, the kernel restricts certain "
"tasks; not even the superuser (<systemitem class=\"username\">root</"
"systemitem>) is allowed to do them. The securelevel mechanism limits the "
"ability to:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5293
msgid ""
"Unset certain file flags, such as <literal>schg</literal> (the system "
"immutable flag)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5299
msgid ""
"Write to kernel memory via <filename>/dev/mem</filename> and <filename>/dev/"
"kmem</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5305
msgid "Load kernel modules."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5309
msgid "Alter firewall rules."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5313
msgid "To check the status of the securelevel on a running system:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:5316
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sysctl -n kern.securelevel</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5318
msgid ""
"The output contains the current value of the securelevel. If it is greater "
"than 0, at least some of the securelevel's protections are enabled."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5323
msgid ""
"The securelevel of a running system cannot be lowered as this would defeat "
"its purpose. If a task requires that the securelevel be non-positive, change "
"the <varname>kern_securelevel</varname> and "
"<varname>kern_securelevel_enable</varname> variables in <filename>/etc/rc."
"conf</filename> and reboot."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5330
msgid ""
"For more information on securelevel and the specific things all the levels "
"do, consult <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: warning/para
#: book.translate.xml:5334
msgid ""
"Securelevel is not a silver bullet; it has many known deficiencies. More "
"often than not, it provides a false sense of security."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: warning/para
#: book.translate.xml:5338
msgid ""
"One of its biggest problems is that in order for it to be at all effective, "
"all files used in the boot process up until the securelevel is set must be "
"protected. If an attacker can get the system to execute their code prior to "
"the securelevel being set (which happens quite late in the boot process "
"since some things the system must do at start-up cannot be done at an "
"elevated securelevel), its protections are invalidated. While this task of "
"protecting all files used in the boot process is not technically impossible, "
"if it is achieved, system maintenance will become a nightmare since one "
"would have to take the system down, at least to single-user mode, to modify "
"a configuration file."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: warning/para
#: book.translate.xml:5353
msgid ""
"This point and others are often discussed on the mailing lists, particularly "
"the <link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-"
"security\">FreeBSD security mailing list</link>. Search the archives <link "
"xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/search/index.html\">here</link> for an "
"extensive discussion. A more fine-grained mechanism is preferred."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5364
msgid ""
"<application>BIND9</application> (<command>named</command>) is listening on "
"some high-numbered ports. What is going on?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5370
msgid ""
"BIND uses a random high-numbered port for outgoing queries. Recent versions "
"of it choose a new, random UDP port for each query. This may cause problems "
"for some network configurations, especially if a firewall blocks incoming "
"UDP packets on particular ports. To get past that firewall, try the "
"<literal>avoid-v4-udp-ports</literal> and <literal>avoid-v6-udp-ports</"
"literal> options to avoid selecting random port numbers within a blocked "
"range."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: warning/para
#: book.translate.xml:5382
msgid ""
"If a port number (like 53) is specified via the <literal>query-source</"
"literal> or <literal>query-source-v6</literal> options in <filename>/usr/"
"local/etc/namedb/named.conf</filename>, randomized port selection will not "
"be used. It is strongly recommended that these options not be used to "
"specify fixed port numbers."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5392
msgid ""
"Congratulations, by the way. It is good practice to read "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sockstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> output and notice odd things!"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5400
msgid ""
"The <application>Sendmail</application> daemon is listening on port 587 as "
"well as the standard port 25! What is going on?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5406
msgid ""
"Recent versions of <application>Sendmail</application> support a mail "
"submission feature that runs over port 587. This is not yet widely "
"supported, but is growing in popularity."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5415
msgid ""
"What is this UID 0 <systemitem class=\"username\">toor</systemitem> account? "
"Have I been compromised?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5420
msgid ""
"Do not worry. <systemitem class=\"username\">toor</systemitem> is an "
"<quote>alternative</quote> superuser account, where toor is root spelled "
"backwards. It is intended to be used with a non-standard shell so the "
"default shell for <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> does not "
"need to change. This is important as shells which are not part of the base "
"distribution, but are instead installed from ports or packages, are "
"installed in <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> which, by default, resides "
"on a different file system. If <systemitem class=\"username\">root</"
"systemitem>'s shell is located in <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> and "
"the file system containing <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename>) is not "
"mounted, <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> will not be able "
"to log in to fix a problem and will have to reboot into single-user mode in "
"order to enter the path to a shell."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5437
msgid ""
"Some people use <systemitem class=\"username\">toor</systemitem> for day-to-"
"day <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem> tasks with a non-"
"standard shell, leaving <systemitem class=\"username\">root</systemitem>, "
"with a standard shell, for single-user mode or emergencies. By default, a "
"user cannot log in using <systemitem class=\"username\">toor</systemitem> as "
"it does not have a password, so log in as <systemitem class="
"\"username\">root</systemitem> and set a password for <systemitem class="
"\"username\">toor</systemitem> before using it to login."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:5451
msgid "PPP"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5456
msgid ""
"I cannot make <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> work. What am I doing wrong?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5461
msgid ""
"First, read <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/"
"en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ppp-and-slip.html#userppp\">PPP section of "
"the Handbook</link>. To assist in troubleshooting, enable logging with the "
"following command:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5467
#, no-wrap
msgid "set log Phase Chat Connect Carrier lcp ipcp ccp command"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5469
msgid ""
"This command may be typed at the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command prompt or it "
"may be entered at the start of the <literal>default</literal> section in "
"<filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.conf</filename>. Make sure that <filename>/etc/syslog."
"conf</filename> contains the lines below and the file <filename>/var/log/ppp."
"log</filename> exists:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5477
#, no-wrap
msgid "!ppp\n"
"*.*        /var/log/ppp.log"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5480
msgid ""
"A lot about what is going can be learned from the log file. Do not worry if "
"it does not all make sense as it may make sense to someone else."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5488
msgid ""
"Why does <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> hang when I run it?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5492
msgid ""
"This is usually because the hostname will not resolve. The best way to fix "
"this is to make sure that <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> is read first by "
"the by ensuring that the <literal>hosts</literal> line is listed first in "
"<filename>/etc/host.conf</filename>. Then, put an entry in <filename>/etc/"
"hosts</filename> for the local machine. If there is no local network, change "
"the <systemitem>localhost</systemitem> line:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5501
#, no-wrap
msgid "127.0.0.1        foo.example.com foo localhost"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5503
msgid ""
"Otherwise, add another entry for the host. Consult the relevant manual pages "
"for more details."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5506
msgid ""
"When finished, verify that this command is successful: <command>ping -c1 "
"`hostname`</command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5513
msgid ""
"Why will <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> not dial in <literal>-auto</literal> mode?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5518
msgid ""
"First, check that a default route exists. This command should display two "
"entries:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5521
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Destination        Gateway            Flags     Refs     Use     Netif "
"Expire\n"
"default            10.0.0.2           UGSc        0        0      tun0\n"
"10.0.0.2           10.0.0.1           UH          0        0      tun0"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5525
msgid ""
"If a default route is not listed, make sure that the <literal>HISADDR</"
"literal> line has been added to <filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.conf</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5530
msgid ""
"Another reason for the default route line being missing is that a default "
"route has been added to <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> and this line is "
"missing from <filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.conf</filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5536
#, no-wrap
msgid "delete ALL"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5538
msgid ""
"If this is the case, go back to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/"
"en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/userppp.html#userppp-final\">Final System "
"Configuration</link> section of the Handbook."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5546
msgid "What does <errorname>No route to host</errorname> mean?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5551
msgid ""
"This error is usually because the following section is missing in <filename>/"
"etc/ppp/ppp.linkup</filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5555
#, no-wrap
msgid "MYADDR:\n"
"  delete ALL\n"
"  add 0 0 HISADDR"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5559
msgid ""
"This is only necessary for a dynamic IP address or when the address of the "
"default gateway is unknown. When using interactive mode, the following can "
"be typed in after entering packet mode. Packet mode is indicated by the "
"capitalized <acronym>PPP</acronym> in the prompt:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5566
#, no-wrap
msgid "delete ALL\n"
"add 0 0 HISADDR"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5569
msgid ""
"Refer to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/"
"handbook/userppp.html#userppp-dynamicip\">PPP and Dynamic IP addresses</"
"link> section of the Handbook for further details."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5577
msgid "Why does my connection drop after about 3 minutes?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5582
msgid ""
"The default PPP timeout is 3 minutes. This can be adjusted with the "
"following line:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5585
#, no-wrap
msgid "set timeout <replaceable>NNN</replaceable>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5587
msgid ""
"where <replaceable>NNN</replaceable> is the number of seconds of inactivity "
"before the connection is closed. If <replaceable>NNN</replaceable> is zero, "
"the connection is never closed due to a timeout. It is possible to put this "
"command in <filename>ppp.conf</filename>, or to type it at the prompt in "
"interactive mode. It is also possible to adjust it on the fly while the line "
"is active by connecting to <application>ppp</application>'s server socket "
"using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>telnet</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pppctl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Refer to the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> man page for further details."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5602
msgid "Why does my connection drop under heavy load?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5606
msgid ""
"If Link Quality Reporting (<acronym>LQR</acronym>) is configured, it is "
"possible that too many <acronym>LQR</acronym> packets are lost between the "
"FreeBSD system and the peer. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> deduces that the line "
"must therefore be bad, and disconnects. <acronym>LQR</acronym> is disabled "
"by default and can be enabled with the following line:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5614 book.translate.xml:5940
#, no-wrap
msgid "enable lqr"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5620
msgid "Why does my connection drop after a random amount of time?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5625
msgid ""
"Sometimes, on a noisy phone line or even on a line with call waiting "
"enabled, the modem may hang up because it incorrectly thinks that it lost "
"carrier."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5629
msgid ""
"There is a setting on most modems for determining how tolerant it should be "
"to temporary losses of carrier. Refer to the modem manual for details."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5637
msgid "Why does my connection hang after a random amount of time?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5642
msgid ""
"Many people experience hung connections with no apparent explanation. The "
"first thing to establish is which side of the link is hung."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5646
msgid ""
"When using an external modem, try using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ping</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to see if the "
"<acronym>TD</acronym> light is flashing when data is transmitted. If it "
"flashes but the <acronym>RD</acronym> light does not, the problem is with "
"the remote end. If <acronym>TD</acronym> does not flash, the problem is "
"local. With an internal modem, use the <literal>set server</literal> command "
"in <filename>ppp.conf</filename>. When the hang occurs, connect to "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pppctl</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. If the network "
"connection suddenly revives due to the activity on the diagnostic socket, or "
"if it will not connect but the <literal>set socket</literal> command "
"succeeded at startup time, the problem is local. If it can connect but "
"things are still hung, enable local logging with <literal>set log local "
"async</literal> and use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ping</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> from another window or "
"terminal to make use of the link. The async logging will show the data being "
"transmitted and received on the link. If data is going out and not coming "
"back, the problem is remote."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5668
msgid ""
"Having established whether the problem is local or remote, there are now two "
"possibilities:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5673
msgid ""
"If the problem is remote, read on entry <xref linkend=\"ppp-remote-not-"
"responding\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:5677
msgid "If the problem is local, read on entry <xref linkend=\"ppp-hung\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5685
msgid "The remote end is not responding. What can I do?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5690
msgid ""
"There is very little that can be done about this. Many ISPs will refuse to "
"help users not running a <trademark class=\"registered\">Microsoft</"
"trademark> OS. Add <literal>enable lqr</literal> to <filename>/etc/ppp/ppp."
"conf</filename>, allowing <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to detect the remote "
"failure and hang up. This detection is relatively slow and therefore not "
"that useful."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5698
msgid ""
"First, try disabling all local compression by adding the following to the "
"configuration:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5701
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"disable pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj\n"
"deny pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5704
msgid ""
"Then reconnect to ensure that this makes no difference. If things improve or "
"if the problem is solved completely, determine which setting makes the "
"difference through trial and error. This is good information for the ISP, "
"although it may make it apparent that it is not a <trademark class="
"\"registered\">Microsoft</trademark> system."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5711
msgid ""
"Before contacting the ISP, enable async logging locally and wait until the "
"connection hangs again. This may use up quite a bit of disk space. The last "
"data read from the port may be of interest. It is usually ASCII data, and "
"may even describe the problem (<errorname>Memory fault</errorname>, "
"<errorname>Core dumped</errorname>)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5719
msgid ""
"If the ISP is helpful, they should be able to enable logging on their end, "
"then when the next link drop occurs, they may be able to tell why their side "
"is having a problem."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5728
msgid ""
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> has hung. What can I do?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5732
msgid ""
"In this case, rebuild <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with debugging "
"information, and then use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to grab a stack trace "
"from the <application>ppp</application> process that is stuck. To rebuild "
"the <application>ppp</application> utility with debugging information, type:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:5739
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/ppp</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>env DEBUG_FLAGS='-g' make clean</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>env DEBUG_FLAGS='-g' make install</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5743
msgid ""
"Then, restart <application>ppp</application> and wait until it hangs again. "
"When the debug build of <application>ppp</application> hangs, start "
"<application>gdb</application> on the stuck process by typing:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:5749
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>gdb ppp `pgrep ppp`</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5751
msgid ""
"At the <application>gdb</application> prompt, use the <command>bt</command> "
"or <command>where</command> commands to get a stack trace. Save the output "
"of the <application>gdb</application> session, and <quote>detach</quote> "
"from the running process by typing <command>quit</command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5762
msgid "I keep seeing errors about magic being the same. What does it mean?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5767
msgid ""
"Occasionally, just after connecting, there may be messages in the log that "
"say <errorname>Magic is same</errorname>. Sometimes, these messages are "
"harmless, and sometimes one side or the other exits. Most PPP "
"implementations cannot survive this problem, and even if the link seems to "
"come up, there will be repeated configure requests and configure "
"acknowledgments in the log file until <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> eventually gives up "
"and closes the connection."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5777
msgid ""
"This normally happens on server machines with slow disks that are spawning a "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> on the port, and executing <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> from a login script or "
"program after login. There were reports of it happening consistently when "
"using slirp. The reason is that in the time taken between "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> exiting and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> starting, the client-"
"side <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> starts sending Line Control Protocol (LCP) packets."
" Because ECHO is still switched on for the port on the server, the client "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> sees these packets <quote>reflect</quote> back."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5788
msgid ""
"One part of the LCP negotiation is to establish a magic number for each side "
"of the link so that <quote>reflections</quote> can be detected. The protocol "
"says that when the peer tries to negotiate the same magic number, a NAK "
"should be sent and a new magic number should be chosen. During the period "
"that the server port has ECHO turned on, the client "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> sends LCP packets, sees the same magic in the reflected packet "
"and NAKs it. It also sees the NAK reflect (which also means "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> must change its magic). This produces a potentially enormous "
"number of magic number changes, all of which are happily piling into the "
"server's tty buffer. As soon as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> starts on the server, "
"it is flooded with magic number changes and almost immediately decides it "
"has tried enough to negotiate LCP and gives up. Meanwhile, the client, who "
"no longer sees the reflections, becomes happy just in time to see a hangup "
"from the server."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5806
msgid ""
"This can be avoided by allowing the peer to start negotiating with the "
"following line in <filename>ppp.conf</filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5810 book.translate.xml:5885
#, no-wrap
msgid "set openmode passive"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5812
msgid ""
"This tells <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> to wait for the server to initiate LCP "
"negotiations. Some servers however may never initiate negotiations. In this "
"case, try something like:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5817
#, no-wrap
msgid "set openmode active 3"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5819
msgid ""
"This tells <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> to be passive for 3 seconds, and then to start "
"sending LCP requests. If the peer starts sending requests during this "
"period, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> will immediately respond rather than waiting for "
"the full 3 second period."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5829
msgid ""
"LCP negotiations continue until the connection is closed. What is wrong?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5834
msgid ""
"There is currently an implementation mis-feature in "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> where it does not associate LCP, CCP &amp; IPCP responses with "
"their original requests. As a result, if one PPP implementation is more than "
"6 seconds slower than the other side, the other side will send two "
"additional LCP configuration requests. This is fatal."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5842
msgid ""
"Consider two implementations, <systemitem>A</systemitem> and <systemitem>B</"
"systemitem>. <systemitem>A</systemitem> starts sending LCP requests "
"immediately after connecting and <systemitem>B</systemitem> takes 7 seconds "
"to start. When <systemitem>B</systemitem> starts, <systemitem>A</systemitem> "
"has sent 3 LCP REQs. We are assuming the line has ECHO switched off, "
"otherwise we would see magic number problems as described in the previous "
"section. <systemitem>B</systemitem> sends a REQ, then an ACK to the first of "
"<systemitem>A</systemitem>'s REQs. This results in <systemitem>A</"
"systemitem> entering the <acronym>OPENED</acronym> state and sending and ACK "
"(the first) back to <systemitem>B</systemitem>. In the meantime, "
"<systemitem>B</systemitem> sends back two more ACKs in response to the two "
"additional REQs sent by <systemitem>A</systemitem> before <systemitem>B</"
"systemitem> started up. <systemitem>B</systemitem> then receives the first "
"ACK from <systemitem>A</systemitem> and enters the <acronym>OPENED</acronym> "
"state. <systemitem>A</systemitem> receives the second ACK from "
"<systemitem>B</systemitem> and goes back to the <acronym>REQ-SENT</acronym> "
"state, sending another (forth) REQ as per the RFC. It then receives the "
"third ACK and enters the <acronym>OPENED</acronym> state. In the meantime, "
"<systemitem>B</systemitem> receives the forth REQ from <systemitem>A</"
"systemitem>, resulting in it reverting to the <acronym>ACK-SENT</acronym> "
"state and sending another (second) REQ and (forth) ACK as per the RFC. "
"<systemitem>A</systemitem> gets the REQ, goes into <acronym>REQ-SENT</"
"acronym> and sends another REQ. It immediately receives the following ACK "
"and enters <acronym>OPENED</acronym>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5877
msgid ""
"This goes on until one side figures out that they are getting nowhere and "
"gives up."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5880
msgid ""
"The best way to avoid this is to configure one side to be <literal>passive</"
"literal> — that is, make one side wait for the other to start negotiating. "
"This can be done with the following command:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5887
msgid ""
"Care should be taken with this option. This command can also be used to "
"limit the amount of time that <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> waits for the peer to "
"begin negotiations:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5892
#, no-wrap
msgid "set stopped <replaceable>N</replaceable>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5894
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the following command (where <replaceable>N</replaceable> is "
"the number of seconds to wait before starting negotiations) can be used:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5898
#, no-wrap
msgid "set openmode active <replaceable>N</replaceable>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5900
msgid "Check the manual page for details."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5906
msgid ""
"Why does <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> lock up when I shell out to test it?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5911
msgid ""
"When using <command>shell</command> or <command>!</command>, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> executes a shell or the passed arguments. The "
"<application>ppp</application> program will wait for the command to complete "
"before continuing. Any attempt to use the PPP link while running the command "
"will appear as a frozen link. This is because "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is waiting for the command to complete."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5920
msgid ""
"To execute commands like this, use <command>!bg</command> instead. This will "
"execute the given command in the background, and "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> can continue to service the link."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5929
msgid ""
"Why does <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> over a null-modem cable never exit?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5934
msgid ""
"There is no way for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to automatically "
"determine that a direct connection has been dropped. This is due to the "
"lines that are used in a null-modem serial cable. When using this sort of "
"connection, LQR should always be enabled with the following line:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5942
msgid "LQR is accepted by default if negotiated by the peer."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:5949
msgid ""
"Why does <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> dial for no reason in <option>-auto</option> mode?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5954
msgid ""
"If <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> is dialing unexpectedly, determine the cause, and set up dial "
"filters to prevent such dialing."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5958
msgid "To determine the cause, use the following line:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5960
#, no-wrap
msgid "set log +tcp/ip"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5962
msgid ""
"This will log all traffic through the connection. The next time the line "
"comes up unexpectedly, the reason will be logged with a convenient timestamp "
"next to it."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5967
msgid ""
"Next, disable dialing under these circumstances. Usually, this sort of "
"problem arises due to DNS lookups. To prevent DNS lookups from establishing "
"a connection (this will <emphasis>not</emphasis> prevent "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> from passing the packets through an established connection), "
"use the following:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5974
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"set dfilter 1 deny udp src eq 53\n"
"set dfilter 2 deny udp dst eq 53\n"
"set dfilter 3 permit 0/0 0/0"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5978
msgid ""
"This is not always suitable, as it will effectively break demand-dial "
"capabilities. Most programs will need a DNS lookup before doing any other "
"network related things."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5983
msgid ""
"In the DNS case, try to determine what is actually trying to resolve a host "
"name. A lot of the time, <application>Sendmail</application> is the culprit. "
"Make sure to configure <application>Sendmail</application> not to do any DNS "
"lookups in its configuration file. See the section on <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/smtp-dialup."
"html\">using email with a dialup connection</link> in the FreeBSD Handbook "
"for details. You may also want to add the following line to <filename>.mc</"
"filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:5994
#, no-wrap
msgid "define(`confDELIVERY_MODE', `d')dnl"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:5996
msgid ""
"This will make <application>Sendmail</application> queue everything until "
"the queue is run, usually, every 30 minutes, or until a <command>sendmail -"
"q</command> is done, perhaps from <filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.linkup</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6006
msgid "What do these CCP errors mean?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6010
msgid "I keep seeing the following errors in my log file:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:6013
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"CCP: CcpSendConfigReq\n"
"CCP: Received Terminate Ack (1) state = Req-Sent (6)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6016
msgid ""
"This is because <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> is trying to negotiate "
"Predictor1 compression, but the peer does not want to negotiate any "
"compression at all. The messages are harmless, but can be silenced by "
"disabling the compression:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:6022
#, no-wrap
msgid "disable pred1"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6028
msgid ""
"Why does <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> not log my connection speed?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6033
msgid "To log all lines of the modem conversation, enable the following:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:6037
#, no-wrap
msgid "set log +connect"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6039
msgid ""
"This will make <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> log everything up until the last requested "
"<quote>expect</quote> string."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6042
msgid ""
"To see the connect speed when using PAP or CHAP, make sure to configure "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> to expect the whole CONNECT line, using something like this:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:6048
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"set dial \"ABORT BUSY ABORT NO\\\\sCARRIER TIMEOUT 4 \\\n"
"  \\\"\\\" ATZ OK-ATZ-OK ATDT\\\\T TIMEOUT 60 CONNECT \\\\c \\\\n\""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6051
msgid ""
"This gets the CONNECT, sends nothing, then expects a line-feed, forcing "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> to read the whole CONNECT response."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6059
msgid ""
"Why does <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> ignore the <literal>\\</literal> character in my "
"chat script?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6064
msgid ""
"The <application>ppp</application> utility parses each line in its "
"configuration files so that it can interpret strings such as <literal>set "
"phone \"123 456 789\"</literal> correctly and realize that the number is "
"actually only one argument. To specify a <literal>\"</literal> character, "
"escape it using a backslash (<literal>\\</literal>)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6072
msgid ""
"When the chat interpreter parses each argument, it re-interprets the "
"argument to find any special escape sequences such as <literal>\\P</literal> "
"or <literal>\\T</literal>. As a result of this double-parsing, remember to "
"use the correct number of escapes."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6079
msgid "To actually send a <literal>\\</literal> character, do something like:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:6083
#, no-wrap
msgid "set dial \"\\\"\\\" ATZ OK-ATZ-OK AT\\\\\\\\X OK\""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6085 book.translate.xml:6097
msgid "It will result in the following sequence:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:6087
#, no-wrap
msgid "ATZ\n"
"OK\n"
"AT\\X\n"
"OK"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6092
msgid "Or:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:6094
#, no-wrap
msgid "set phone 1234567\n"
"set dial \"\\\"\\\" ATZ OK ATDT\\\\T\""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:6099
#, no-wrap
msgid "ATZ\n"
"OK\n"
"ATDT1234567"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6107
msgid "What are FCS errors?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6111
msgid ""
"FCS stands for Frame Check Sequence. Each PPP packet has a checksum attached "
"to ensure that the data being received is the data being sent. If the FCS of "
"an incoming packet is incorrect, the packet is dropped and the HDLC FCS "
"count is increased. The HDLC error values can be displayed using the "
"<literal>show hdlc</literal> command."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6119
msgid ""
"If the link is bad or if the serial driver is dropping packets, it will "
"produce the occasional FCS error. This is not usually worth worrying about "
"although it does slow down the compression protocols substantially."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6124
msgid ""
"If the link freezes as soon as it connects and produces a large number of "
"FCS errors, make sure the modem is not using software flow control (XON/"
"XOFF). If the link must use software flow control, use <literal>set accmap "
"0x000a0000</literal> to tell <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to escape the "
"<literal>^Q</literal> and <literal>^S</literal> characters."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6132
msgid ""
"Another reason for too many FCS errors may be that the remote end has "
"stopped talking <acronym>PPP</acronym>. In this case, enable <literal>async</"
"literal> logging to determine if the incoming data is actually a login or "
"shell prompt. If it is a shell prompt at the remote end, it is possible to "
"terminate <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> without dropping the line by using <command>close "
"lcp</command> followed by <command>term</command>) to reconnect to the shell "
"on the remote machine."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6143
msgid ""
"If nothing in the log file indicates why the link was terminated, ask the "
"remote administrator or ISP why the session was terminated."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6152
msgid "None of this helps — I am desperate! What can I do?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6157
msgid ""
"If all else fails, send the details of the error, the configuration files, "
"how <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ppp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> is being started, the relevant parts of the log "
"file, and the output of <command>netstat -rn</command>, before and after "
"connecting, to the <link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/"
"listinfo/freebsd-questions\">FreeBSD general questions mailing list</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:6168
msgid "Serial Communications"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/para
#: book.translate.xml:6170
msgid ""
"This section answers common questions about serial communications with "
"FreeBSD. PPP is covered in the <link linkend=\"networking\">Networking</"
"link> section."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6176
msgid "Which multi-port serial cards are supported by FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6181
msgid ""
"There is a list of these in the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/"
"en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/serial.html\">Serial Communications</link> "
"chapter of the Handbook."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6184
msgid ""
"Most multi-port PCI cards that are based on 16550 or clones are supported "
"with no extra effort."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6187
msgid ""
"Some unnamed clone cards have also been known to work, especially those that "
"claim to be AST compatible."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6190
msgid ""
"Check <citerefentry><refentrytitle>uart</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sio</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> to get more "
"information on configuring such cards."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6197
msgid "How do I get the boot: prompt to show on the serial console?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6202
msgid ""
"See <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/"
"serialconsole-setup.html\">this section of the Handbook</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6209
msgid "How do I tell if FreeBSD found my serial ports or modem cards?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6214
msgid ""
"As the FreeBSD kernel boots, it will probe for the serial ports for which "
"the kernel is configured. Either watch the boot messages closely or run this "
"command after the system is up and running:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:6220
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>grep -E '^(sio|uart)[0-9]' &lt; /var/run/dmesg."
"boot</userinput>\n"
"sio0: &lt;16550A-compatible COM port&gt; port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 "
"on acpi0\n"
"sio0: type 16550A\n"
"sio1: &lt;16550A-compatible COM port&gt; port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on acpi0\n"
"sio1: type 16550A"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6226
msgid ""
"This example shows two serial ports. The first is on IRQ4, port address "
"<literal>0x3f8</literal>, and has a 16550A-type UART chip. The second uses "
"the same kind of chip but is on IRQ3 and is at port address <literal>0x2f8</"
"literal>. Internal modem cards are treated just like serial ports, except "
"that they always have a modem attached to the port."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6236
msgid ""
"The <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel includes support for two serial "
"ports using the same IRQ and port address settings in the above example. If "
"these settings are not right for the system, or if there are more modem "
"cards or serial ports than the kernel is configured for, reconfigure using "
"the instructions in <link linkend=\"make-kernel\">building a kernel</link> "
"for more details."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6249
msgid "How do I access the serial ports on FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6253
msgid ""
"The third serial port, <filename>sio2</filename>, or <filename>COM3</"
"filename>, is on <filename>/dev/cuad2</filename> for dial-out devices, and "
"on <filename>/dev/ttyd2</filename> for dial-in devices. What is the "
"difference between these two classes of devices?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6260
msgid ""
"When opening <filename>/dev/ttydX</filename> in blocking mode, a process "
"will wait for the corresponding <filename>cuadX</filename> device to become "
"inactive, and then wait for the carrier detect line to go active. When the "
"<filename>cuadX</filename> device is opened, it makes sure the serial port "
"is not already in use by the <filename>ttydX</filename> device. If the port "
"is available, it steals it from the <filename>ttydX</filename> device. Also, "
"the <filename>cuadX</filename> device does not care about carrier detect. "
"With this scheme and an auto-answer modem, remote users can log in and local "
"users can still dial out with the same modem and the system will take care "
"of all the conflicts."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6280
msgid "How do I enable support for a multi-port serial card?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6285
msgid ""
"The section on kernel configuration provides information about configuring "
"the kernel. For a multi-port serial card, place an "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> line for each serial port on the card in the <citerefentry "
"vendor=\"current\"><refentrytitle>device.hints</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> file. But place the IRQ specifiers on only one of "
"the entries. All of the ports on the card should share one IRQ. For "
"consistency, use the last serial port to specify the IRQ. Also, specify the "
"following option in the kernel configuration file:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:6295
#, no-wrap
msgid "options COM_MULTIPORT"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6297
msgid ""
"The following <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename> example is for an AST "
"4-port serial card on IRQ 12:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:6301
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"hint.sio.4.at=\"isa\"\n"
"hint.sio.4.port=\"0x2a0\"\n"
"hint.sio.4.flags=\"0x701\"\n"
"hint.sio.5.at=\"isa\"\n"
"hint.sio.5.port=\"0x2a8\"\n"
"hint.sio.5.flags=\"0x701\"\n"
"hint.sio.6.at=\"isa\"\n"
"hint.sio.6.port=\"0x2b0\"\n"
"hint.sio.6.flags=\"0x701\"\n"
"hint.sio.7.at=\"isa\"\n"
"hint.sio.7.port=\"0x2b8\"\n"
"hint.sio.7.flags=\"0x701\"\n"
"hint.sio.7.irq=\"12\""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6315
msgid ""
"The flags indicate that the master port has minor number <literal>7</"
"literal> (<literal>0x700</literal>), and all the ports share an IRQ "
"(<literal>0x001</literal>)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6324
msgid "Can I set the default serial parameters for a port?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6329
msgid ""
"See the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/"
"handbook/serial.html#serial-hw-config\">Serial Communications</link> section "
"in the FreeBSD Handbook."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6337
msgid "How can I enable dialup logins on my modem?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6341
msgid ""
"Refer to the section about <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US."
"ISO8859-1/books/handbook/dialup.html\">Dial-in Services</link> in the "
"FreeBSD Handbook."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6348
msgid "How can I connect a dumb terminal to my FreeBSD box?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6353
msgid ""
"This information is in the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US."
"ISO8859-1/books/handbook/term.html\">Terminals</link> section of the FreeBSD "
"Handbook."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6360
msgid "Why can I not run <command>tip</command> or <command>cu</command>?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6365
msgid ""
"The built-in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cu</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utilities can only "
"access the <filename>/var/spool/lock</filename> directory via user "
"<systemitem class=\"username\">uucp</systemitem> and group <systemitem class="
"\"groupname\">dialer</systemitem>. Use the <systemitem class="
"\"groupname\">dialer</systemitem> group to control who has access to the "
"modem or remote systems by adding user accounts to <systemitem class="
"\"groupname\">dialer</systemitem>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6374
msgid ""
"Alternatively, everyone can be configured to run "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cu</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> by typing:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:6377
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>chmod 4511 /usr/bin/cu</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>chmod 4511 /usr/bin/tip</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:6385
msgid "Miscellaneous Questions"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6390
msgid ""
"FreeBSD uses a lot of swap space even when the computer has free memory left."
" Why?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6395
msgid ""
"FreeBSD will proactively move entirely idle, unused pages of main memory "
"into swap in order to make more main memory available for active use. This "
"heavy use of swap is balanced by using the extra free memory for caching."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6401
msgid ""
"Note that while FreeBSD is proactive in this regard, it does not arbitrarily "
"decide to swap pages when the system is truly idle. Thus, the system will "
"not be all paged out after leaving it idle overnight."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6411
msgid ""
"Why does <command>top</command> show very little free memory even when I "
"have very few programs running?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6416
msgid ""
"The simple answer is that free memory is wasted memory. Any memory that "
"programs do not actively allocate is used within the FreeBSD kernel as disk "
"cache. The values shown by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> labeled as "
"<literal>Inact</literal> and <literal>Laundry</literal> are cached data at "
"different aging levels. This cached data means the system does not have to "
"access a slow disk again for data it has accessed recently, thus increasing "
"overall performance. In general, a low value shown for <literal>Free</"
"literal> memory in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is good, provided it "
"is not <emphasis>very</emphasis> low."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6433
msgid ""
"Why will <command>chmod</command> not change the permissions on symlinks?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6438
msgid ""
"Symlinks do not have permissions, and by default, "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> will follow symlinks to change the permissions on the source "
"file, if possible. For the file, <filename>foo</filename> with a symlink "
"named <filename>bar</filename>, this command will always succeed."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:6445
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>chmod g-w bar</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6447
msgid ""
"However, the permissions on <filename>bar</filename> will not have changed."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6450
msgid ""
"When changing modes of the file hierarchies rooted in the files instead of "
"the files themselves, use either <option>-H</option> or <option>-L</option> "
"together with <option>-R</option> to make this work. See "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>symlink</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for more information."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: warning/para
#: book.translate.xml:6458
msgid ""
"<option>-R</option> does a <emphasis>recursive</emphasis> "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>. Be careful about specifying directories or symlinks to "
"directories to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. To change the "
"permissions of a directory referenced by a symlink, use "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> without any options and follow the symlink with a trailing "
"slash (<filename>/</filename>). For example, if <filename>foo</filename> is "
"a symlink to directory <filename>bar</filename>, to change the permissions "
"of <filename>foo</filename> (actually <filename>bar</filename>), do "
"something like:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: warning/screen
#: book.translate.xml:6471
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>chmod 555 foo/</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: warning/para
#: book.translate.xml:6473
msgid ""
"With the trailing slash, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> will follow the "
"symlink, <filename>foo</filename>, to change the permissions of the "
"directory, <filename>bar</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6483
msgid "Can I run DOS binaries under FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6487
msgid ""
"Yes. A DOS emulation program, <package>emulators/doscmd</package>, is "
"available in the FreeBSD Ports Collection."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6491
msgid ""
"If <application>doscmd</application> will not suffice, <package>emulators/"
"pcemu</package> emulates an 8088 and enough BIOS services to run many DOS "
"text-mode applications. It requires the X Window System."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6497
msgid ""
"The Ports Collection also has <package>emulators/dosbox</package>. The main "
"focus of this application is emulating old DOS games using the local file "
"system for files."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6506
msgid ""
"What do I need to do to translate a FreeBSD document into my native "
"language?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6511
msgid ""
"See the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/fdp-"
"primer/translations.html\">Translation <acronym>FAQ</acronym></link> in the "
"FreeBSD Documentation Project Primer."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6519
msgid ""
"Why does my email to any address at <systemitem class="
"\"fqdomainname\">FreeBSD.org</systemitem> bounce?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6524
msgid ""
"The <systemitem class=\"fqdomainname\">FreeBSD.org</systemitem> mail system "
"implements some <application>Postfix</application> checks on incoming mail "
"and rejects mail that is either from misconfigured relays or otherwise "
"appears likely to be spam. Some of the specific requirements are:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:6532
msgid ""
"The IP address of the SMTP client must \"reverse-resolve\" to a forward "
"confirmed hostname."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:6538
msgid ""
"The fully-qualified hostname given in the SMTP conversation (either HELO or "
"EHLO) must resolve to the IP address of the client."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6544
msgid "Other advice to help mail reach its destination include:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:6549
msgid ""
"Mail should be sent in plain text, and messages sent to mailing lists should "
"generally be no more than 200KB in length."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:6555
msgid ""
"Avoid excessive cross posting. Choose <emphasis>one</emphasis> mailing list "
"which seems most relevant and send it there."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6561
msgid ""
"If you still have trouble with email infrastructure at <systemitem class="
"\"fqdomainname\">FreeBSD.org</systemitem>, send a note with the details to "
"<email>postmaster@freebsd.org</email>; Include a date/time interval so that "
"logs may be reviewed — and note that we only keep one week's worth of mail "
"logs. (Be sure to specify the time zone or offset from UTC.)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6574
msgid "Where can I find a free FreeBSD account?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6578
msgid ""
"While FreeBSD does not provide open access to any of their servers, others "
"do provide open access <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> "
"systems. The charge varies and limited services may be available."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6583
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"http://www.arbornet.org/\">Arbornet, Inc</link>, also "
"known as <emphasis>M-Net</emphasis>, has been providing open access to "
"<trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> systems since 1983. "
"Starting on an Altos running System III, the site switched to BSD/OS in 1991."
" In June of 2000, the site switched again to FreeBSD. <emphasis>M-Net</"
"emphasis> can be accessed via <application>telnet</application> and "
"<application>SSH</application> and provides basic access to the entire "
"FreeBSD software suite. However, network access is limited to members and "
"patrons who donate to the system, which is run as a non-profit organization. "
"<emphasis>M-Net</emphasis> also provides an bulletin board system and "
"interactive chat."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6601
msgid "What is the cute little red guy's name?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6605
msgid ""
"He does not have one, and is just called <quote>the BSD daemon</quote>. If "
"you insist upon using a name, call him <quote>beastie</quote>. Note that "
"<quote>beastie</quote> is pronounced <quote>BSD</quote>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6611
msgid ""
"More about the BSD daemon is available on his <link xlink:href=\"http://www."
"mckusick.com/beastie/index.html\">home page</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6618
msgid "Can I use the BSD daemon image?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6622
msgid ""
"Perhaps. The BSD daemon is copyrighted by Marshall Kirk McKusick. Check his "
"<link xlink:href=\"http://www.mckusick.com/beastie/mainpage/copyright."
"html\">Statement on the Use of the BSD Daemon Figure</link> for detailed "
"usage terms."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6627
msgid ""
"In summary, the image can be used in a tasteful manner, for personal use, so "
"long as appropriate credit is given. Before using the logo commercially, "
"contact Kirk McKusick <email>mckusick@FreeBSD.org</email> for permission. "
"More details are available on the <link xlink:href=\"http://www.mckusick.com/"
"beastie/index.html\">BSD Daemon's home page</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6638
msgid "Do you have any BSD daemon images I could use?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6642
msgid ""
"Xfig and eps drawings are available under <filename>/usr/share/examples/"
"BSD_daemon/</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6649
msgid ""
"I have seen an acronym or other term on the mailing lists and I do not "
"understand what it means. Where should I look?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6655
msgid ""
"Refer to the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/"
"handbook/freebsd-glossary.html\">FreeBSD Glossary</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6662
msgid "Why should I care what color the bikeshed is?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6666
msgid ""
"The really, really short answer is that you should not. The somewhat longer "
"answer is that just because you are capable of building a bikeshed does not "
"mean you should stop others from building one just because you do not like "
"the color they plan to paint it. This is a metaphor indicating that you need "
"not argue about every little feature just because you know enough to do so. "
"Some people have commented that the amount of noise generated by a change is "
"inversely proportional to the complexity of the change."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6677
msgid ""
"The longer and more complete answer is that after a very long argument about "
"whether <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sleep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> should take fractional second arguments, Poul-"
"Henning Kamp <email>phk@FreeBSD.org</email> posted a long message entitled "
"<quote><link xlink:href=\"http://www.bikeshed.com\">A bike shed (any color "
"will do) on greener grass...</link></quote>. The appropriate portions of "
"that message are quoted below."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: blockquote/attribution
#: book.translate.xml:6686
msgid ""
"Poul-Henning Kamp <email>phk@FreeBSD.org</email> on <link xlink:href=\"http:/"
"/lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-hackers\">freebsd-hackers</"
"link>, October 2, 1999"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: blockquote/para
#: book.translate.xml:6689
msgid ""
"<quote>What is it about this bike shed?</quote> Some of you have asked me."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: blockquote/para
#: book.translate.xml:6692
msgid ""
"It is a long story, or rather it is an old story, but it is quite short "
"actually. C. Northcote Parkinson wrote a book in the early 1960s, called "
"<quote>Parkinson's Law</quote>, which contains a lot of insight into the "
"dynamics of management."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: blockquote/para
#: book.translate.xml:6698
msgid "<emphasis>[snip a bit of commentary on the book]</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: blockquote/para
#: book.translate.xml:6701
msgid ""
"In the specific example involving the bike shed, the other vital component "
"is an atomic power-plant, I guess that illustrates the age of the book."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: blockquote/para
#: book.translate.xml:6705
msgid ""
"Parkinson shows how you can go into the board of directors and get approval "
"for building a multi-million or even billion dollar atomic power plant, but "
"if you want to build a bike shed you will be tangled up in endless "
"discussions."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: blockquote/para
#: book.translate.xml:6711
msgid ""
"Parkinson explains that this is because an atomic plant is so vast, so "
"expensive and so complicated that people cannot grasp it, and rather than "
"try, they fall back on the assumption that somebody else checked all the "
"details before it got this far. Richard P. Feynmann gives a couple of "
"interesting, and very much to the point, examples relating to Los Alamos in "
"his books."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: blockquote/para
#: book.translate.xml:6720
msgid ""
"A bike shed on the other hand. Anyone can build one of those over a weekend, "
"and still have time to watch the game on TV. So no matter how well prepared, "
"no matter how reasonable you are with your proposal, somebody will seize the "
"chance to show that he is doing his job, that he is paying attention, that "
"he is <emphasis>here</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: blockquote/para
#: book.translate.xml:6728
msgid ""
"In Denmark we call it <quote>setting your fingerprint</quote>. It is about "
"personal pride and prestige, it is about being able to point somewhere and "
"say <quote>There! <emphasis>I</emphasis> did that.</quote> It is a strong "
"trait in politicians, but present in most people given the chance. Just "
"think about footsteps in wet cement."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:6742
msgid "The FreeBSD Funnies"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6747
msgid "How cool is FreeBSD?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6751
msgid ""
"Q. Has anyone done any temperature testing while running FreeBSD? I know "
"<trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> runs cooler than DOS, but "
"have never seen a mention of FreeBSD. It seems to run really hot."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6756
msgid ""
"A. No, but we have done numerous taste tests on blindfolded volunteers who "
"have also had 250 micrograms of LSD-25 administered beforehand. 35% of the "
"volunteers said that FreeBSD tasted sort of orange, whereas <trademark class="
"\"registered\">Linux</trademark> tasted like purple haze. Neither group "
"mentioned any significant variances in temperature. We eventually had to "
"throw the results of this survey out entirely anyway when we found that too "
"many volunteers were wandering out of the room during the tests, thus "
"skewing the results. We think most of the volunteers are at Apple now, "
"working on their new <quote>scratch and sniff</quote> GUI. It is a funny old "
"business we are in!"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6769
msgid ""
"Seriously, FreeBSD uses the <acronym>HLT</acronym> (halt) instruction when "
"the system is idle thus lowering its energy consumption and therefore the "
"heat it generates. Also if you have <acronym>ACPI</acronym> (Advanced "
"Configuration and Power Interface) configured, then FreeBSD can also put the "
"CPU into a low power mode."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6780
msgid "Who is scratching in my memory banks??"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6784
msgid ""
"Q. Is there anything <quote>odd</quote> that FreeBSD does when compiling the "
"kernel which would cause the memory to make a scratchy sound? When compiling "
"(and for a brief moment after recognizing the floppy drive upon startup, as "
"well), a strange scratchy sound emanates from what appears to be the memory "
"banks."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6791
msgid ""
"A. Yes! You will see frequent references to <quote>daemons</quote> in the "
"BSD documentation, and what most people do not know is that this refers to "
"genuine, non-corporeal entities that now possess your computer. The scratchy "
"sound coming from your memory is actually high-pitched whispering exchanged "
"among the daemons as they best decide how to deal with various system "
"administration tasks."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6800
msgid ""
"If the noise gets to you, a good <command>fdisk /mbr</command> from DOS will "
"get rid of them, but do not be surprised if they react adversely and try to "
"stop you. In fact, if at any point during the exercise you hear the satanic "
"voice of Bill Gates coming from the built-in speaker, take off running and "
"do not ever look back! Freed from the counterbalancing influence of the BSD "
"daemons, the twin demons of DOS and <trademark class=\"registered\">Windows</"
"trademark> are often able to re-assert total control over your machine to "
"the eternal damnation of your soul. Now that you know, given a choice you "
"would probably prefer to get used to the scratchy noises, no?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6817
msgid "How many FreeBSD hackers does it take to change a lightbulb?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6822
msgid "One thousand, one hundred and sixty-nine:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6824
msgid "Twenty-three to complain to -CURRENT about the lights being out;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6827
msgid ""
"Four to claim that it is a configuration problem, and that such matters "
"really belong on -questions;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6830
msgid ""
"Three to submit PRs about it, one of which is misfiled under doc and "
"consists only of <quote>it's dark</quote>;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6834
msgid ""
"One to commit an untested lightbulb which breaks buildworld, then back it "
"out five minutes later;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6837
msgid ""
"Eight to flame the PR originators for not including patches in their PRs;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6840
msgid "Five to complain about buildworld being broken;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6842
msgid ""
"Thirty-one to answer that it works for them, and they must have updated at a "
"bad time;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6845
msgid "One to post a patch for a new lightbulb to -hackers;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6848
msgid ""
"One to complain that he had patches for this three years ago, but when he "
"sent them to -CURRENT they were just ignored, and he has had bad experiences "
"with the PR system; besides, the proposed new lightbulb is non-reflexive;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6854
msgid ""
"Thirty-seven to scream that lightbulbs do not belong in the base system, "
"that committers have no right to do things like this without consulting the "
"Community, and WHAT IS -CORE DOING ABOUT IT!?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6859
msgid "Two hundred to complain about the color of the bicycle shed;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6862
msgid ""
"Three to point out that the patch breaks <citerefentry><refentrytitle>style</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>9</manvolnum></citerefentry>;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6865
msgid "Seventeen to complain that the proposed new lightbulb is under GPL;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6868
msgid ""
"Five hundred and eighty-six to engage in a flame war about the comparative "
"advantages of the GPL, the BSD license, the MIT license, the NPL, and the "
"personal hygiene of unnamed FSF founders;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6873
msgid "Seven to move various portions of the thread to -chat and -advocacy;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6876
msgid ""
"One to commit the suggested lightbulb, even though it shines dimmer than the "
"old one;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6879
msgid ""
"Two to back it out with a furious flame of a commit message, arguing that "
"FreeBSD is better off in the dark than with a dim lightbulb;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6883
msgid ""
"Forty-six to argue vociferously about the backing out of the dim lightbulb "
"and demanding a statement from -core;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6887
msgid ""
"Eleven to request a smaller lightbulb so it will fit their Tamagotchi if we "
"ever decide to port FreeBSD to that platform;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6891
msgid ""
"Seventy-three to complain about the SNR on -hackers and -chat and "
"unsubscribe in protest;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6894
msgid ""
"Thirteen to post <quote>unsubscribe</quote>, <quote>How do I unsubscribe?</"
"quote>, or <quote>Please remove me from the list</quote>, followed by the "
"usual footer;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6899
msgid ""
"One to commit a working lightbulb while everybody is too busy flaming "
"everybody else to notice;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6902
msgid ""
"Thirty-one to point out that the new lightbulb would shine 0.364% brighter "
"if compiled with TenDRA (although it will have to be reshaped into a cube), "
"and that FreeBSD should therefore switch to TenDRA instead of GCC;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6907
msgid "One to complain that the new lightbulb lacks fairings;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6910
msgid ""
"Nine (including the PR originators) to ask <quote>what is MFC?</quote>;"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6913
msgid ""
"Fifty-seven to complain about the lights being out two weeks after the bulb "
"has been changed."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6916
msgid "<emphasis>Nik Clayton <email>nik@FreeBSD.org</email> adds:</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6918
msgid "<emphasis>I was laughing quite hard at this.</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6921
msgid ""
"<emphasis>And then I thought, <quote>Hang on, shouldn't there be '1 to "
"document it.' in that list somewhere?</quote></emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6925
msgid "<emphasis>And then I was enlightened :-)</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6928
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Thomas Abthorpe <email>tabthorpe@FreeBSD.org</email></emphasis> "
"says: <quote>None, <emphasis>real</emphasis> FreeBSD hackers are not afraid "
"of the dark!</quote>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6936
msgid "Where does data written to <filename>/dev/null</filename> go?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6941
msgid ""
"It goes into a special data sink in the CPU where it is converted to heat "
"which is vented through the heatsink / fan assembly. This is why CPU cooling "
"is increasingly important; as people get used to faster processors, they "
"become careless with their data and more and more of it ends up in "
"<filename>/dev/null</filename>, overheating their CPUs. If you delete "
"<filename>/dev/null</filename> (which effectively disables the CPU data "
"sink) your CPU may run cooler but your system will quickly become "
"constipated with all that excess data and start to behave erratically. If "
"you have a fast network connection you can cool down your CPU by reading "
"data out of <filename>/dev/random</filename> and sending it off somewhere; "
"however you run the risk of overheating your network connection and "
"<filename>/</filename> or angering your ISP, as most of the data will end up "
"getting converted to heat by their equipment, but they generally have good "
"cooling, so if you do not overdo it you should be OK."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6961
msgid "<emphasis>Paul Robinson adds:</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6963
msgid ""
"There are other methods. As every good sysadmin knows, it is part of "
"standard practice to send data to the screen of interesting variety to keep "
"all the pixies that make up your picture happy. Screen pixies (commonly mis-"
"typed or re-named as <quote>pixels</quote>) are categorized by the type of "
"hat they wear (red, green or blue) and will hide or appear (thereby showing "
"the color of their hat) whenever they receive a little piece of food. Video "
"cards turn data into pixie-food, and then send them to the pixies — the more "
"expensive the card, the better the food, so the better behaved the pixies "
"are. They also need constant stimulation — this is why screen savers exist."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6977
msgid ""
"To take your suggestions further, you could just throw the random data to "
"console, thereby letting the pixies consume it. This causes no heat to be "
"produced at all, keeps the pixies happy and gets rid of your data quite "
"quickly, even if it does make things look a bit messy on your screen."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:6984
msgid ""
"Incidentally, as an ex-admin of a large ISP who experienced many problems "
"attempting to maintain a stable temperature in a server room, I would "
"strongly discourage people sending the data they do not want out to the "
"network. The fairies who do the packet switching and routing get annoyed by "
"it as well."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:6995
msgid "My colleague sits at the computer too much, how can I prank her?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7000
msgid ""
"Install <package role=\"port\">games/sl</package> and wait for her to "
"mistype <userinput>sl</userinput> for <command>ls</command>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:7009
msgid "Advanced Topics"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:7014
msgid "How can I learn more about FreeBSD's internals?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7018
msgid ""
"See the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/arch-"
"handbook\">FreeBSD Architecture Handbook</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7021
msgid ""
"Additionally, much general <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> "
"knowledge is directly applicable to FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:7028
msgid "How can I contribute to FreeBSD? What can I do to help?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7033
msgid ""
"We accept all types of contributions: documentation, code, and even art. See "
"the article on <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/"
"articles/contributing/article.html\">Contributing to FreeBSD</link> for "
"specific advice on how to do this."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7038
msgid "And thanks for the thought!"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:7044
msgid "What are snapshots and releases?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7048
msgid ""
"There are currently 3 active/semi-active branches in the FreeBSD <link xlink:"
"href=\"http://svnweb.FreeBSD.org/base/\">Subversion Repository</link>. "
"(Earlier branches are only changed very rarely, which is why there are only "
"3 active branches of development):"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:7056
msgid "<symbol>stable/10/</symbol> AKA <emphasis>10-STABLE</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:7061
msgid "<symbol>stable/11/</symbol> AKA <emphasis>11-STABLE</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: book.translate.xml:7066
msgid ""
"<symbol>head/</symbol> AKA <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> AKA <emphasis>12-"
"CURRENT</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7072
msgid ""
"<literal>HEAD</literal> is not an actual branch tag. It is a symbolic "
"constant for the current, non-branched development stream known as "
"<emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7078
msgid ""
"Right now, <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> is the 12.<replaceable>X</"
"replaceable> development stream; the <emphasis>11-STABLE</emphasis> branch, "
"<symbol>stable/11/</symbol>, forked off from <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> "
"in April 2016 and the <emphasis>10-STABLE</emphasis> branch, <symbol>stable/"
"10/</symbol>, forked off from <emphasis>-CURRENT</emphasis> in August 2015."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:7089
msgid "How can I make the most of the data I see when my kernel panics?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7094
msgid "Here is typical kernel panic:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:7096
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Fatal trap 12: page fault while in kernel mode\n"
"fault virtual address   = 0x40\n"
"fault code              = supervisor read, page not present\n"
"instruction pointer     = 0x8:0xf014a7e5\n"
"stack pointer           = 0x10:0xf4ed6f24\n"
"frame pointer           = 0x10:0xf4ed6f28\n"
"code segment            = base 0x0, limit 0xfffff, type 0x1b\n"
"                        = DPL 0, pres 1, def32 1, gran 1\n"
"processor eflags        = interrupt enabled, resume, IOPL = 0\n"
"current process         = 80 (mount)\n"
"interrupt mask          =\n"
"trap number             = 12\n"
"panic: page fault"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7110
msgid ""
"This message is not enough. While the instruction pointer value is "
"important, it is also configuration dependent as it varies depending on the "
"kernel image. If it is a <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel image from one "
"of the snapshots, it is possible for somebody else to track down the "
"offending function, but for a custom kernel, only you can tell us where the "
"fault occurred."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7119
msgid "To proceed:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/para
#: book.translate.xml:7123
msgid ""
"Write down the instruction pointer value. Note that the <literal>0x8:</"
"literal> part at the beginning is not significant in this case: it is the "
"<literal>0xf0xxxxxx</literal> part that we want."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/para
#: book.translate.xml:7131
msgid "When the system reboots, do the following:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/screen
#: book.translate.xml:7133
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>nm -n kernel.that.caused.the.panic | grep "
"f0xxxxxx</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/para
#: book.translate.xml:7135
msgid ""
"where <literal>f0xxxxxx</literal> is the instruction pointer value. The odds "
"are you will not get an exact match since the symbols in the kernel symbol "
"table are for the entry points of functions and the instruction pointer "
"address will be somewhere inside a function, not at the start. If you do not "
"get an exact match, omit the last digit from the instruction pointer value "
"and try again:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/screen
#: book.translate.xml:7144
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>nm -n kernel.that.caused.the.panic | grep "
"f0xxxxx</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/para
#: book.translate.xml:7146
msgid ""
"If that does not yield any results, chop off another digit. Repeat until "
"there is some sort of output. The result will be a possible list of "
"functions which caused the panic. This is a less than exact mechanism for "
"tracking down the point of failure, but it is better than nothing."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7155
msgid ""
"However, the best way to track down the cause of a panic is by capturing a "
"crash dump, then using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kgdb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to generate a stack "
"trace on the crash dump."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7160
msgid "In any case, the method is this:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/para
#: book.translate.xml:7164
msgid ""
"Make sure that the following line is included in the kernel configuration "
"file:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:7167
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"makeoptions     DEBUG=-g          # Build kernel with gdb(1) debug symbols"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/para
#: book.translate.xml:7171
msgid "Change to the <filename>/usr/src</filename> directory:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/screen
#: book.translate.xml:7174
#, no-wrap
msgid "<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>cd /usr/src</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/para
#: book.translate.xml:7178
msgid "Compile the kernel:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/screen
#: book.translate.xml:7180
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>make buildkernel KERNCONF="
"<replaceable>MYKERNEL</replaceable></userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/para
#: book.translate.xml:7184
msgid ""
"Wait for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>make</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> to finish compiling."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/screen
#: book.translate.xml:7188
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>make installkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL</"
"userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: step/para
#: book.translate.xml:7192
msgid "Reboot."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: note/para
#: book.translate.xml:7197
msgid ""
"If <varname>KERNCONF</varname> is not included, the <filename>GENERIC</"
"filename> kernel will instead be built and installed."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7202
msgid ""
"The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>make</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry> process will have built two kernels. <filename>/"
"usr/obj/usr/src/sys/MYKERNEL/kernel</filename> and <filename>/usr/obj/usr/"
"src/sys/MYKERNEL/kernel.debug</filename>. <filename>kernel</filename> was "
"installed as <filename>/boot/kernel/kernel</filename>, while "
"<filename>kernel.debug</filename> can be used as the source of debugging "
"symbols for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kgdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7211
msgid ""
"To capture a crash dump, edit <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> and set "
"<literal>dumpdev</literal> to point to either the swap partition or "
"<literal>AUTO</literal>. This will cause the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> scripts to use the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dumpon</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command to enable "
"crash dumps. This command can also be run manually. After a panic, the crash "
"dump can be recovered using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>savecore</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>; if <literal>dumpdev</"
"literal> is set in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, the "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> scripts will run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>savecore</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> automatically and put "
"the crash dump in <filename>/var/crash</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: note/para
#: book.translate.xml:7224
msgid ""
"FreeBSD crash dumps are usually the same size as physical RAM. Therefore, "
"make sure there is enough space in <filename>/var/crash</filename> to hold "
"the dump. Alternatively, run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>savecore</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> manually and have it "
"recover the crash dump to another directory with more room. It is possible "
"to limit the size of the crash dump by using <literal>options MAXMEM=N</"
"literal> where <replaceable>N</replaceable> is the size of kernel's memory "
"usage in KBs. For example, for 1 GB of RAM, limit the kernel's memory usage "
"to 128 MB, so that the crash dump size will be 128 MB instead of 1 GB."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7239
msgid "Once the crash dump has been recovered , get a stack trace as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/screen
#: book.translate.xml:7242
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>kgdb /usr/obj/usr/src/sys/MYKERNEL/kernel."
"debug /var/crash/vmcore.0</userinput>\n"
"<prompt>(kgdb)</prompt> <userinput>backtrace</userinput>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7245
msgid ""
"Note that there may be several screens worth of information. Ideally, use "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> to capture all of them. Using the unstripped kernel image with "
"all the debug symbols should show the exact line of kernel source code where "
"the panic occurred. The stack trace is usually read from the bottom up to "
"trace the exact sequence of events that lead to the crash. "
"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>kgdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry> can also be used to print out the contents of various "
"variables or structures to examine the system state at the time of the crash."
""
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: tip/para
#: book.translate.xml:7257
msgid ""
"If a second computer is available, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kgdb</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can be configured to "
"do remote debugging, including setting breakpoints and single-stepping "
"through the kernel code."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: note/para
#: book.translate.xml:7264
msgid ""
"If <literal>DDB</literal> is enabled and the kernel drops into the debugger, "
"a panic and a crash dump can be forced by typing <literal>panic</literal> at "
"the <literal>ddb</literal> prompt. It may stop in the debugger again during "
"the panic phase. If it does, type <literal>continue</literal> and it will "
"finish the crash dump."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:7278
msgid ""
"Why has <function>dlsym()</function> stopped working for ELF executables?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7283
msgid ""
"The ELF toolchain does not, by default, make the symbols defined in an "
"executable visible to the dynamic linker. Consequently <function>dlsym()</"
"function> searches on handles obtained from calls to <function>dlopen(NULL, "
"flags)</function> will fail to find such symbols."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7290
msgid ""
"To search, using <function>dlsym()</function>, for symbols present in the "
"main executable of a process, link the executable using the <option>--export-"
"dynamic</option> option to the ELF linker (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ld</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: question/para
#: book.translate.xml:7300
msgid "How can I increase or reduce the kernel address space on i386?"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7305
msgid ""
"By default, the kernel address space is 1 GB (2 GB for PAE) for i386. When "
"running a network-intensive server or using ZFS, this will probably not be "
"enough."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7311
msgid ""
"Add the following line to the kernel configuration file to increase "
"available space and rebuild the kernel:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting
#: book.translate.xml:7315
#, no-wrap
msgid "options KVA_PAGES=<replaceable>N</replaceable>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: answer/para
#: book.translate.xml:7317
msgid ""
"To find the correct value of <replaceable>N</replaceable>, divide the "
"desired address space size (in megabytes) by four. (For example, it is "
"<literal>512</literal> for 2 GB.)"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/title
#: book.translate.xml:7327
msgid "Acknowledgments"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/para
#: book.translate.xml:7329
msgid ""
"This innocent little Frequently Asked Questions document has been written, "
"rewritten, edited, folded, spindled, mutilated, eviscerated, contemplated, "
"discombobulated, cogitated, regurgitated, rebuilt, castigated, and "
"reinvigorated over the last decade, by a cast of hundreds if not thousands. "
"Repeatedly."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: chapter/para
#: book.translate.xml:7336
msgid ""
"We wish to thank every one of the people responsible, and we encourage you "
"to <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/"
"contributing/article.html\">join them</link> in making this <acronym>FAQ</"
"acronym> even better."
msgstr ""